Advances in the modulation of the microbial ecology of the gut in early infancy

Chierici, R; Fanaro, Silvia; Saccomandi, D; Vigi, Vittorio

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00647.x

Cited by 38 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…The impact of HLZ-containing milk on the gut microflora of pigs is similar to what is seen when comparing the gut microflora of breast-and bottle-fed human infants (Chierici et al 2003). Breast-fed infants have fewer numbers of coliforms and a more health-promoting probiotic intestinal flora that is thought to confer a number of positive benefits, including growth and protection against diarrhea and other gastrointestinal illnesses (Solis et al 2002).…”

Section: Materials Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Consumption of milk from transgenic goats expressing human lysozyme in the mammary gland results in the modulation of intestinal microflora

et al. 2006

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Lysozyme is a key antimicrobial component of human milk that has several health-promoting functions including the development of a healthy intestinal tract. However, levels of lysozyme in the milk of dairy animals are negligible. We have generated transgenic dairy goats that express human lysozyme (HLZ) in their milk in an attempt to deliver the benefits of human milk in a continual fashion. To test the feasibility of this transgenic approach to achieve a biological impact at the level of the intestine, feeding trials were conducted in two animal models. Pasteurized milk from HLZ transgenic animals was fed to both kid goats (ruminant model) and young pigs (human model), and the numbers of total coliforms and Escherichia coli present in the small intestine were determined. Data from this proof-of-principle study demonstrate that milk from transgenic animals was capable of modulating the bacterial population of the gut in both animal models. Pigs that consumed pasteurized milk from HLZ transgenic goats had fewer numbers of coliforms and E. coli in their intestine than did those receiving milk from non-transgenic control animals. The opposite effect was seen in goats. Milk from these transgenic animals not only represent one of the first transgenic food products with the potential of benefiting human health, but are also a unique model to study the development and role of intestinal microflora on health, well-being and resistance to disease.

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Section: Materials Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Consumption of milk from transgenic goats expressing human lysozyme in the mammary gland results in the modulation of intestinal microflora

et al. 2006

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“…In his pediatric work, he used bifidobacteria for the treatment of this intestinal diarrhea, and this likely represents the first example of the oral administration of a live microorganism for the treatment of a disease (316). The abundance of bifidobacteria in the feces of breast-fed infants was thought to be due to the Bifidobacterium-stimulating properties of human breast milk (38,46,60,96,196,321). Numerous studies have substantiated the higher bifidobacterial counts and lower incidences of gastroenteritis in breast-fed infants than in formula-fed infants (3,40,51,98).…”

Section: Early Studies Of Bifidobacteriamentioning

confidence: 98%

Genomic Insights into Bifidobacteria

Lee

O’Sullivan

2010

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

246

197

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SUMMARY Since the discovery in 1899 of bifidobacteria as numerically dominant microbes in the feces of breast-fed infants, there have been numerous studies addressing their role in modulating gut microflora as well as their other potential health benefits. Because of this, they are frequently incorporated into foods as probiotic cultures. An understanding of their full interactions with intestinal microbes and the host is needed to scientifically validate any health benefits they may afford. Recently, the genome sequences of nine strains representing four species of Bifidobacterium became available. A comparative genome analysis of these genomes reveals a likely efficient capacity to adapt to their habitats, with B. longum subsp. infantis exhibiting more genomic potential to utilize human milk oligosaccharides, consistent with its habitat in the infant gut. Conversely, B. longum subsp. longum exhibits a higher genomic potential for utilization of plant-derived complex carbohydrates and polyols, consistent with its habitat in an adult gut. An intriguing observation is the loss of much of this genome potential when strains are adapted to pure culture environments, as highlighted by the genomes of B. animalis subsp. lactis strains, which exhibit the least potential for a gut habitat and are believed to have evolved from the B. animalis species during adaptation to dairy fermentation environments.

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“…Although lysozyme had no direct antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria in breast milk, this does not exclude an antibacterial effect on other bacteria, for example, gram-positive bacteria. In addition, breast milk lysozyme may modulate the gut microflora, either directly or after being processed by pepsin in the stomach into various antibacterial peptides (8,21,28).…”

Section: Vol 74 2008 Bacterial Survival In Lysozyme-rich Fluids Duementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Lysozyme Inhibitor Ivy in Growth or Survival ofEscherichia coliandPseudomonas aeruginosaBacteria in Hen Egg White and in Human Saliva and Breast Milk

Deckers

Vanlint

Callewaert

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Ivy is a lysozyme inhibitor that protects Escherichia coli against lysozyme-mediated cell wall hydrolysis when the outer membrane is permeabilized by mutation or by chemical or physical stress. In the current work, we have investigated whether Ivy is necessary for the survival or growth of E. coli MG1655 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in hen egg white and in human saliva and breast milk, which are naturally rich in lysozyme and in membrane-permeabilizing components. Wild-type E. coli was able to grow in saliva and breast milk but showed partial inactivation in egg white. The knockout of Ivy did not affect growth in breast milk but slightly increased sensitivity to egg white and caused hypersensitivity to saliva, resulting in the complete inactivation of 10 4 CFU ml ؊1 of bacteria within less than 5 hours. The depletion of lysozyme from saliva completely restored the ability of the ivy mutant to grow like the parental strain. P. aeruginosa, in contrast, showed growth in all three substrates, which was not affected by the knockout of Ivy production. These results indicate that lysozyme inhibitors like Ivy promote bacterial survival or growth in particular lysozyme-rich secretions and suggest that they may promote the bacterial colonization of specific niches in the animal host.

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Advances in the modulation of the microbial ecology of the gut in early infancy

Cited by 38 publications

References 78 publications

Consumption of milk from transgenic goats expressing human lysozyme in the mammary gland results in the modulation of intestinal microflora

Consumption of milk from transgenic goats expressing human lysozyme in the mammary gland results in the modulation of intestinal microflora

Genomic Insights into Bifidobacteria

Role of the Lysozyme Inhibitor Ivy in Growth or Survival ofEscherichia coliandPseudomonas aeruginosaBacteria in Hen Egg White and in Human Saliva and Breast Milk

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