Advances in the development of new biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs which are essential post-transcriptional gene regulators in various neuronal degenerative diseases and playact a key role in these physiological progresses. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and, stroke, are seriously threats to the life and health of all human health and life kind. Recently, various studies have reported that some various miRNAs can regulate the development of neurodegenerative diseases as well as act as biomarkers to predict these neuronal diseases conditions. Endogenic miRNAs such as miR-9, the miR-29 family, miR-15, and the miR-34 family are generally dysregulated in animal and cell models. They are involved in regulating the physiological and biochemical processes in the nervous system by targeting regulating different molecular targets and influencing a variety of pathways. Additionally, exogenous miRNAs derived from homologous plants and defined as botanmin, such as miR2911 and miR168, can be taken up and transferred by other species to be and then act analogously to endogenic miRNAs to regulate the physiological and biochemical processes. This review summarizes the mechanism and principle of miRNAs in the treatment of some neurodegenerative diseases, as well as discusses several types of miRNAs which were the most commonly reported in diseases. These miRNAs could serve as a study provided some potential biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases might be an ideal and/or therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, the role accounted of the prospective exogenous miRNAs involved in mammalian diseases is described. Graphical abstract 1. Listing a large number of neural-related miRNAs and sorting out their pathways. 2. Classify and sort miRNAs according to their mechanism of action. 3. Demonstrating the effects of up-regulation or down-regulation of each miRNAs on the nervous system.

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Section: Role Of Mirnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Mirnasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of microRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases: a review

Lei

Sun

2022

Cell Biol Toxicol

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“…miR-31 is decreased in the serum of AD individuals compared to healthy controls ( Dong et al, 2015 ; Klyucherev et al, 2022 ) and can be used as part of a panel in conjunction with miR-93 and miR-146a to differentiate Alzheimer’s Disease from Vascular Dementia ( Dong et al, 2015 ). Expression of miR-31 was also decreased in the serum of PD and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) individuals ( Yan et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Role Of Circulating Micro Rnas In Covid-19-associated Cognit...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: Prognostic role of circulating biomarkers and microRNAs

Alvarez

Trent

Goncalves

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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COVID-19 is renowned as a multi-organ disease having subacute and long-term effects with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The evolving scientific and clinical evidence demonstrates that the frequency of cognitive impairment after COVID-19 is high and it is crucial to explore more clinical research and implement proper diagnostic and treatment strategies. Several central nervous system complications have been reported as comorbidities of COVID-19. The changes in cognitive function associated with neurodegenerative diseases develop slowly over time and are only diagnosed at an already advanced stage of molecular pathology. Hence, understanding the common links between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases will broaden our knowledge and help in strategizing prognostic and therapeutic approaches. The present review focuses on the diverse neurodegenerative changes associated with COVID-19 and will highlight the importance of major circulating biomarkers and microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the disease progression and severity. The literature analysis showed that major proteins associated with central nervous system function, such as Glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, p-tau 181, Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, S100 calcium-binding protein B, Neuron-specific enolase and various inflammatory cytokines, were significantly altered in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, among various miRNAs that are having pivotal roles in various neurodegenerative diseases, miR-146a, miR-155, Let-7b, miR-31, miR-16 and miR-21 have shown significant dysregulation in COVID-19 patients. Thus the review consolidates the important findings from the numerous studies to unravel the underlying mechanism of neurological sequelae in COVID-19 and the possible association of circulatory biomarkers, which may serve as prognostic predictors and therapeutic targets in future research.

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“…At present, AD diagnosis is based on the existence of dementia, brain volume changes detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and brain amyloid β-protein (Aβ) or Tau deposition detected by positron emission tomography (PET), together with an Aβ42 decrease and a phosphorylated/total Tau increase in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [ 6 ]. New analytical tools, which include markers of synaptic dysfunction and inflammation in the blood, as well as microRNAs (miRNAs), suggest that AD may be diagnosed with accuracy in individual patients [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Role of miR-21-5p in Neuron–Glia Dysregulation and Exosome Transfer Using Multiple Models of Alzheimer’s Disease

Garcia

Pinto

Ferreira

et al. 2022

Cells

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with neuron–glia dysfunction and dysregulated miRNAs. We previously reported upregulated miR-124/miR-21 in AD neurons and their exosomes. However, their glial distribution, phenotypic alterations and exosomal spread are scarcely documented. Here, we show glial cell activation and miR-21 overexpression in mouse organotypic hippocampal slices transplanted with SH-SY5Y cells expressing the human APP695 Swedish mutation. The upregulation of miR-21 only in the CSF from a small series of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) AD patients, but not in non-AD MCI individuals, supports its discriminatory potential. Microglia, neurons, and astrocytes differentiated from the same induced pluripotent stem cells from PSEN1ΔE9 AD patients all showed miR-21 elevation. In AD neurons, miR-124/miR-21 overexpression was recapitulated in their exosomes. In AD microglia, the upregulation of iNOS and miR-21/miR-146a supports their activation. AD astrocytes manifested a restrained inflammatory profile, with high miR-21 but low miR-155 and depleted exosomal miRNAs. Their immunostimulation with C1q + IL-1α + TNF-α induced morphological alterations and increased S100B, inflammatory transcripts, sAPPβ, cytokine release and exosomal miR-21. PPARα, a target of miR-21, was found to be repressed in all models, except in neurons, likely due to concomitant miR-125b elevation. The data from these AD models highlight miR-21 as a promising biomarker and a disease-modifying target to be further explored.

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Advances in the development of new biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease

Cited by 109 publications

References 244 publications

The role of microRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases: a review

The role of microRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases: a review

Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: Prognostic role of circulating biomarkers and microRNAs

Emerging Role of miR-21-5p in Neuron–Glia Dysregulation and Exosome Transfer Using Multiple Models of Alzheimer’s Disease

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