Advances in the Application of Silicon and Germanium Nanowires for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Kennedy, Tadhg; Brandon, Michael; Ryan, Kevin M.

doi:10.1002/adma.201503978

Cited by 177 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Based on these observations, short and wide SiNWs may be better compared to long and thin SiNWs, for a fixed spacing between SiNWs. However, if SiNWs are too wide, then they may pulverize (Kennedy et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experimental studies on the size effect have demonstrated that nanomaterials exhibit better capacity retention as compared to their bulk counterparts (Ryu et al, 2011;Lee et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2012a). Many different nanostructures have been developed, such as nanoparticles (Liu et al, 2012a;Zhou et al, 2012;Shelke et al, 2017), nanospheres (Ma et al, 2007(Ma et al, , 2017, nanowires (Chan et al, 2008;Kennedy et al, 2016), nanotubes (Shim et al, 2016;Park et al, 2009), and nanocones (Zhang et al, 2010), with an improved cycling life and better performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are among the nanostructures that have been studied and used as an anode material for LIBs (Liu et al, 2011;Yang et al, 2012;Kennedy et al, 2016). In these studies, the SiNWs were produced using the metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) process resulting in an ordered and densely packed arrays of nanowires with a high aspect ratio and a uniform crystallographic out-of-plane orientation of <100> (Chang et al, 2009).…”

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Probing Stress States in Silicon Nanowires During Electrochemical Lithiation Using In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Microdiffraction

et al. 2018

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Silicon is considered as a promising anode material for the next-generation lithium-ion battery (LIB) due to its high capacity at nanoscale. However, silicon expands up to 300% during lithiation, which induces high stresses and leads to fractures. To design silicon nanostructures that could minimize fracture, it is important to understand and characterize stress states in the silicon nanostructures during lithiation. Synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction has proven to be effective in revealing insights of mechanical stress and other mechanics considerations in small-scale crystalline structures used in many important technological applications, such as microelectronics, nanotechnology, and energy systems. In the present study, an in situ synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction experiment was conducted to elucidate the mechanical stress states during the first electrochemical cycle of lithiation in single-crystalline silicon nanowires (SiNWs) in an LIB test cell. Morphological changes in the SiNWs at different levels of lithiation were also studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found from SEM observation that lithiation commenced predominantly at the top surface of SiNWs followed by further progression toward the bottom of the SiNWs gradually. The hydrostatic stress of the crystalline core of the SiNWs at different levels of electrochemical lithiation was determined using the in situ synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction technique. We found that the crystalline core of the SiNWs became highly compressive (up to -325.5 MPa) once lithiation started. This finding helps unravel insights about mechanical stress states in the SiNWs during the electrochemical lithiation, which could potentially pave the path toward the fracture-free design of silicon nanostructure anode materials in the next-generation LIB.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Probing Stress States in Silicon Nanowires During Electrochemical Lithiation Using In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Microdiffraction

et al. 2018

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“…[1][2][3] Among numerous candidates, lithium-ion batteries with organic electrolytes are one of the most attractive options due to their high energy density [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and mature markets. [11,12] However, for grid scale energy storage, the cost of lithium-ion batteries is still too high, [13,14] and the use of the flammable organic electrolyte in large format batteries poses a severe safety and environmental concern.…”

Section: Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water‐Lubricated Intercalation in V₂O₅·nH₂O for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries

et al. 2017

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Among the aqueous rechargeable batteries, Zn 2+ -based batteries exhibit a series of unique attributes for large-scale energy storage: (i) feasibility of using low-cost Zn metal anode with a high theoretical specific capacity of 819 mA h g −1 ; (ii) replacement of the traditional alkaline electrolytes by mild neutral electrolytes, mitigating the environmental disruption and recycling costs; and (iii) low redox potential of Zn/Zn 2+ (−0.76 V vs standard hydrogen electrode) and two-electron transfer mechanism during cycling responsible for the high energy density. [6,22,23] However, the zinc system also has long-standing challenges, such as the unstable cathode and anode structures in the aqueous environment. On the cathode side, the cycling stability is related to how zinc ions and the electrolyte react with the cathode materials, which is much more complex as compared to the lithium-ion systems. An initial attempt on the hexacyanoferrate system delivered a limited capacity (≈60 mA h g −1 ), although a high operation voltage of ≈1.7 V was achieved. [23][24][25][26][27][28] Recently, Pan et al. demonstrated that the manganese oxide cathode goes through a chemical conversion reaction with the zinc species and H 2 O rather than the simple intercalation process, delivering a high capacity of ≈285 mA h g −1 and an operating voltage of ≈1.44 V. [29] Nazar's group developed a Zn 0.25 V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O cathode material, which displayed a specific energy of ≈250 Wh kg −1 (based on cathode) and a high capacity of 220 mA h g −1 at 15 C (1 C = 300 mA g −1 ). [30] During cycling, the structural water in Zn 0.25 V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O was revealed to exchange with Zn 2+ reversibly, thus resulting in good kinetics and rate performance. Furthermore, some other studies have also suggested the importance of H 2 O in metal ion intercalation. [23,31] During cycling, the solvating H 2 O works as a charge shield for the metal ions (Al 3+ , Mg 2+ , Li + , etc.), reducing their effective charges and hence their interactions with the host frameworks. [32,33] This strategy has been investigated to enhance the capacity and rate capability of Li + , Na + , and Mg 2+ batteries. [34][35][36][37][38][39] In this paper, we present a systematic and detailed study of the role of H 2 O in bilayer V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O (n ≥ 1) as a prototype cathode material for zinc batteries. By coupling the electrochemical measurements, thermogravimetric/differential BatteriesLarge-scale energy storage systems are critical for the integration of renewable energy and electric energy infrastructures. [1][2][3] Among numerous candidates, lithium-ion batteries with organic electrolytes are one of the most attractive options due to their high energy density [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and mature markets. [11,12] However, for grid scale energy storage, the cost of lithium-ion batteries is still too high, [13,14] and the use of the flammable organic electrolyte in large format batteries poses a severe safety and environmental concern. [15] As an alternative, low-cost aqueous batteries wi...

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“…lead-acid, NiMH etc.). [1][2][3][4] Stimulated by the need for improved batteries for more demanding applications, the field has seen a wave of interest in the development of novel materials for every component of the battery (anode, cathode, current collectors and electrolytes). [5][6][7][8][9][10] Practically all literature studies focused on the development of materials for Li-ion batteries report specific capacities primarily in terms of mAhg −1 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Assessing Charge Contribution from Thermally Treated Ni Foam as Current Collectors for Li-Ion Batteries

Geaney

McNulty

O’Connell

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this report we have investigated the use of Ni foam substrates as anode current collectors for Li-ion batteries. As the majority of reports in the literature focus on hydrothermal formation of materials on Ni foam followed by a high temperature anneal/oxidation step, we probed the fundamental electrochemical responses of as received Ni foam substrates and those subjected to heating at 100 • C, 300 • C and 450 • C. Through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic testing, it is shown that the as received and 100 • C annealed Ni foam show negligible electrochemical activity. However, Ni foams heated to higher temperature showed substantial electrochemical contributions which may lead to inflated capacities and incorrect interpretations of CV responses for samples subjected to high temperature anneals. XRD, XPS and SEM analyses clearly illustrate that the formation of electrochemically active NiO nanoparticles on the surface of the foam is responsible for this behavior. To further investigate the contribution of the oxidized Ni foam to the overall electrochemical response, we formed Co 3 O 4 nanoflowers directly on Ni foam at 450 • C and showed that the resulting electrochemical response was dominated by NiO after the first 10 charge/discharge cycles. This report highlights the importance of assessing current collector activity for active materials grown on transition metal foam current collectors for Li-ion applications. Lithium-ion batteries have found widespread use in portable electronic devices due to their improved performance in comparison with other battery chemistries (e.g. lead-acid, NiMH etc.).1-4 Stimulated by the need for improved batteries for more demanding applications, the field has seen a wave of interest in the development of novel materials for every component of the battery (anode, cathode, current collectors and electrolytes).5-10 Practically all literature studies focused on the development of materials for Li-ion batteries report specific capacities primarily in terms of mAhg −1 . 11-13 While the use of common specific capacity units allows different material systems to be compared quickly, it often means that important considerations for real-world applications are ignored. For example, materials with low tap densities or a high degree of porosity can lead to electrodes which exhibit fantastic capacities in terms of mAhg −1 but poor mass loadings and thus areal/volumetric capacities which are unsuited to real-world devices. This is particularly true for nanoscale materials which often lead to sub-mg level electrode mass loadings. In fact, it is well established that materials tend to perform better when using low mass loadings, 14-17 making the concept of using low mass loadings particularly attractive in terms of maximizing the calculated capacity in terms of mAhg −1 . Given that the merits of materials are often assessed solely on the specific capacity (in terms of mAhg −1 ), it is crucial that the specific capacity values calculated for a system is a genuine representation of the material...

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Advances in the Application of Silicon and Germanium Nanowires for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Cited by 177 publications

References 90 publications

Probing Stress States in Silicon Nanowires During Electrochemical Lithiation Using In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Microdiffraction

Probing Stress States in Silicon Nanowires During Electrochemical Lithiation Using In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Microdiffraction

Water‐Lubricated Intercalation in V₂O₅·nH₂O for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries

Assessing Charge Contribution from Thermally Treated Ni Foam as Current Collectors for Li-Ion Batteries

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Advances in the Application of Silicon and Germanium Nanowires for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Cited by 177 publications

References 90 publications

Probing Stress States in Silicon Nanowires During Electrochemical Lithiation Using In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Microdiffraction

Probing Stress States in Silicon Nanowires During Electrochemical Lithiation Using In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Microdiffraction

Water‐Lubricated Intercalation in V2O5·nH2O for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries

Assessing Charge Contribution from Thermally Treated Ni Foam as Current Collectors for Li-Ion Batteries

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Water‐Lubricated Intercalation in V₂O₅·nH₂O for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries