Advances in the application of gold nanoparticles in bone tissue engineering

Abstract

The materials used in bone tissue engineering (BTE) have been advancing with each passing day. With the continuous development of nanomedicine, gold nanoparticles (GNPs), which are easy to be synthesized and functionalized, have attracted increasing attention. Recent years have witnessed this amazing material, i.e., GNPs characterized with large surface area to volume ratio, biocompatibility, medical imaging property, hypotoxicity, translocation into the cells, high reactivity, and other properties, perform distinct functions in BTE. However, the low stability of GNPs in the biotic environment makes them in the requirements of modification or recombination before being used. After being combined with the advantages of other materials, the structures of GNPs have exhibited great potential in stem cells, scaffolds, delivery systems, medical imaging, and other aspects. This review will focus on the advances in the application of GNPs after modification or recombination with other materials to BTE.

Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties and Biomedical Applications

“…GNPs as an amazing material, which is characterized by large specific surface area, biocompatibility, medical imaging characteristics, low toxicity, the function of entering cells, and high reactivity, play a unique role in bone tissue engineering (BTE). [60] Choi et al designed and manufac- (4) and Ni 60 @Au 40 (5) NPAs, respectively. (b) The dependence of the EFs on the composition of Au shell at the 613 cm À 1 peak for the 10 À 6 M R6G molecule absorption.…”

<p>The Advances of Ceria Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications in Orthopaedics</p>

“…The acknowledged properties do cover osteoconductivity, biocompatibility, degradability, mechanical properties, pore structure, and processability. 81 Moreover, traditional treatment methods require regulatory capacity on the shape, imaging, infection, healing, immune response, and others. 82 At present, the composite materials used for traditional treatment primarily include medical metal, bioceramics, and biopolymer materials.…”

Comprehensive Survey on Nanobiomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

“…They are produced in different shapes such as spheres [ 314 ], rods [ 315 ], star-like [ 316 ], and cages [ 317 ]. GNPs possess unique characteristics, such as easy-to-control, nanoscale size, easy preparation, high surface area, easy functionalization, and excellent biocompatibility, that make them highly suited for many tissue engineering and more in general for biotechnology applications [ 318 , 319 ]. GNPs are definitely superior over other types of nanoparticles in terms of low toxicity and colloidal stability.…”

“…Gold nanoparticles were utilized for biosensing [ 320 ], bioimaging [ 321 , 322 , 323 ], cancer therapy [ 324 ], gene delivery to enhance osteogenic differentiation [ 325 ], and photo-thermal therapy [ 229 , 314 , 316 , 323 ]. Gold nanoparticles were also combined with other materials such as silica (to produce core and shell nanoparticles) [ 318 , 323 ] as well as natural polymers (to improve mechanical properties) and synthetic polymers (to enhance biocompatibility) [ 318 ].…”

“…Due to their excellent biocompatibility and chemical inertness, gold nanoparticles became the ideal choice for the preparation of scaffolds in many cases [ 318 ]. The mission of GNPs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is to act as a multimodal tool in order to improve scaffold properties, cell differentiation and intracellular growth factor delivery ( Figure 17 ), while monitoring cellular events in real-time [ 326 ].…”