Advances in subsurface modeling using the TOUGH suite of simulators

The role of coal seam properties on coupled processes during CO2sequestration: A parametric study

“…In addition, CO 2 injection changes the pore pressure and consequently the stress state within the coal seam, which results in mechanical deformations in the reservoir and consequently the rock mass above. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Studies have used powerful reservoir simulators, or mechanical analysis tools, or their combinations, such as FLAC-TOUGH, 17 FLAC-SIMED, 14 and ABAQUS-ECLIPSE. 7 Th e injection-induced mechanical deformations can change the aperture of the fractures and hence the permeability of the coal seam.…”

Reactive transport codes for subsurface environmental simulation

“…TOUGHREACT [137][138][139] was developed by introducing reactive geochemistry into the framework of TOUGH2 V2 [140,141]. TOUGH2 is a general purpose multiphase flow simulator that relies on a suite of equation of state (EOS) modules to compute fluid phase partitioning, and flow/transport of various components (e.g., water, CO 2 , salt, air, tracers, radionuclides) in liquid, gas, and nonaqueous phases.…”

Fracture-based modeling of complex flow and CO2 migration in three-dimensional fractured rocks

“…A thorough review of implementations relevant to TOUGH series models was recently presented by Finsterle et al (2014). The TOUGH series models apply the integral finite difference (IFD) numerical scheme to discretize the governed equations.…”

“…The studies in Finsterle et al (2003), Mukhopadhyay and Tsang (2003), and Zhang and Wu (2003) used TOUGH2 family codes to assess transport problems at Yucca Mountain. A thorough review of the TOUGH suite of simulators were presented by Finsterle et al (2014), and other studies have also reported implementations of the TOUGH suite of simulators (Pruess and Spycher, 2007).…”

“…The implementations of flow and transport in fractured rocks have received considerable attention because of the complex hydrogeological systems and associated geochemical and geomechanical interactions involved in engineering operations. The TOUGH series codes are widely used models originally developed by the groups of the Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory (LBNL) (Finsterle et al, 2014). These models were developed based on coupling thermal-hydrological-chemical (THC) mechanisms with different equation-of state (EOS) modules in porous media (Kiryukhin, et al, 2004;Itälä, et al, 2011;Aradóttir, et al, 2012).…”