“…Recently, rapid development of versatile omics sequencing technologies such as mass spectrometry and ribosome profiling reveal a large number of protein-coding sORFs with important functions in different genomic regions [12,[16][17][18]. Even so, the proteogenomic methods are not sensitive enough and the ribosome profiling sequencing strategies require additional measures to ensure comprehensive and accurate sORF annotation [5], hence there is still lack of efficient technologies for sORF identification [7,16,19,20]. Furthermore, the resolution of ribosome profiling for bacterial cells is lower than that for eukaryotic cells due to technical challenges [18].…”