Advances in Si and SiC Materials for High‐Performance Supercapacitors toward Integrated Energy Storage Systems

Abstract

recently attracted considerable research attention thanks to its low mass density (2.33 g cm −3 ), nontoxicity, and biocompatibility. [6,7] Besides, the intrinsic semiconductor and tunable on-chip characteristics enable Si to be a central platform of several applications, including optoelectronics, [8,9] microelectronics, [10] smart sensors, [11,12] solar cells, [13][14][15] and drug-delivery systems. [16] From an energy perspective, seamless integration of energy storage systems onto these Si-based functional devices is highly desirable toward portable and wearable applications, or when the power supply is intermittent. Therefore, significant research has focused on Sibased energy storage, including Si-based batteries (mainly Li-ion batteries) and Sibased supercapacitors.In Li-ion batteries, Si has been intensively studied as a promising anode candidate due to the low working potential of 0.4 V (vs Li + /Li) and high theoretical capacity (3579 mAh g −1 ), compared to the conventional graphite anode. [17] However, as an alloy-type material, Si anode notoriously suffers from huge volume expansion/shrinkage during lithiation/delithiation (over 300%), leading to severe delamination and pulverization of electrodes, together with unstable and nonuniform solid electrolyte interphase layers. [18] These characteristics considerably affect the cyclic stability of Si-anode Li-ion batteries. Several strategies have been implemented to address the aforementioned challenges, including composite and coating materials design, [19][20][21][22][23][24] binder design, [25][26][27][28] and electrolyte modification. [29][30][31][32] These approaches nevertheless are mainly based on wet-chemistry methods with complicated synthesis techniques, which are not suitable for an integrated system. A very thin layer of Si has been proven to accommodate the mechanical stress during alloying/ dealloying. [33][34][35] Inspired by this concept, several studies have focused on thin film Si-anode batteries based on integrated circuit (IC)-compatible routes, and their potentials to be integrated with other functional Si-based devices. [36][37][38][39] However, the intricate charge storage mechanism of Si-based batteries inevitably limits their applications. In particular, batteries suffer from low power performance. Although parallel and/or series connections of batteries can guarantee high power, the device volume will be increased, which is not desirable for an integrated system. Furthermore, owing to their inferior stability and lifetime, batteries unavoidably require frequent replacements, meaning that they cannot be applied in devices such as bioimplant chips, biosensors, and harsh-environment sensors. [40,41] Silicon (Si), as the second most abundant element on Earth, has been a central platform of modern electronics owing to its low mass density and unique semiconductor properties. From an energy perspective, all-in-one integration of power supply systems onto Si-based functional devices is highly desirable, which inspires significant study ...

Synthesis of 3C/2H/6H heterojunction SiC nanowires with high-performance supercapacitors by thermal evaporation

“…No signicant semicircle was observed in the high-frequency region, hinting at fast charge transfer at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte. 5,7,14 The Ragone plot of SC-1400//SC-1400 is shown in Fig. 10f.…”

“…due to their good structural stability. 14,15 Nevertheless, the electrochemical electrochemical properties of SiC NWs. These SiC NWs have high specic capacitance, fast charge/discharge rates and cycling stability.…”

“…13 Since SiC NWs have excellent physicochemical properties and biocompatibility, they have great potential in all-in-one implantable electronic devices designed in combination with flexible/stretchable sensors, energy harvesters, and biomedical devices. 14 Furthermore, they can function as integrated power sources under harsh conditions (extreme temperature, pressure, etc. ) due to their good structural stability.…”

Optimization of new comprehensive energy service system in industrial parks under the dual carbon target

“…Based on the power supply and power-saving business, we customize comprehensive power consumption and energy-saving solutions for different types of users. Secondly, based on expanding new energy development services in traditional power supply/saving services, relying on the energy Internet and energy cloud platform, the massive energy transaction and usage data are mined and analyzed through big data technology, to provide more targeted comprehensive energy service solutions for different users [5]. Finally, the derivative business of energy finance should be actively expanded, and relevant financial services should be provided to users involved in energy conservation and new energy construction and development projects to meet their energy financial service needs.…”

Spatially confined magnesiothermic reduction induced uniform mesoporous hollow silicon carbide nanospheres for high-performance supercapacitors

“…Silicon carbide (SiC) with distinguished mechanical strength, high thermal stability, remarkable chemical inertness, and high electronic conductivity has been widely used as an electrode material in supercapacitors. 1–3 In particular, specially designed SiC structures, such as the ingenious combination of hollow spheres and mesoporous nanostructures, have attracted widespread interest due to their large surface area to volume ratio, which is beneficial for improving the energy density. 4,5…”