Advances in Sensing Technologies for Monitoring of Bone Health

Abstract

Changing lifestyle and food habits are responsible for health problems, especially those related to bone in an aging population. Poor bone health has now become a serious matter of concern for many of us. In order to avoid serious consequences, the early prediction of symptoms and diagnosis of bone diseases have become the need of the hour. From this inspiration, the evolution of different bone health monitoring techniques and measurement methods practiced by researchers and healthcare companies has been discussed. This paper focuses on various types of bone diseases along with the modeling and remodeling phenomena of bones. The evolution of various diagnosis tests for bone health monitoring has been also discussed. Various types of bone turnover markers, their assessment techniques, and recent developments for the monitoring of biochemical markers to diagnose the bone conditions are highlighted. Then, the paper focuses on the potential assessment of the recent sensing techniques (physical sensors and biosensors) that are currently available for bone health monitoring. Considering the importance of electrochemical biosensors in terms of high sensitivity and reliability, specific attention has been given to the recent development of electrochemical biosensors and significance in real-time monitoring of bone health.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Shaping the Future of Early-Stage Bone Loss Detection─A Review

“…38 Liu et al developed a point of care device for the detection of ALP activity to access and monitor bone turnover, 39 and studies have also been done for other sensors to detect bone activity. 40…”

Non-destructive characterization of bone mineral content by machine learning-assisted electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

“…One promising strategy is to quantify the change in mineral content to correlate it with the healing status in the defect region. To date, however, effective real-time in situ monitoring systems for bone healing are highly primitive at best and non-existent at worst ( Augat et al, 2014 ; Rani et al, 2020 ; Ernst et al, 2021 ). Current assessment modalities, including X-ray diagnostic radiography, photon absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, suffer from many limitations such as low sensitivity for bone mineral content, high cost, the requirement of trained personnel, standardization of image quality/quantification, and radiation overexposure risks ( Hak et al, 2014 ; Wildemann et al, 2021 ).…”

Identifying mineral decrement with bone injury by quantifying osteocalcin on current‐volt sensor

“…There are various poor lifestyle habits, such as consumption of junk food and alcohol, lack of vitamin D, and less physical activities, which mainly influence the bone weakening. 4,5 Because one cannot feel easily the bone weakening or bone loss, osteoporosis is named as a silent disease until the bone fracture occurs. Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate between osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, and arthritis due to the very similar symptoms.…”

“… 1 As a result, the less dense bone becomes weaker and likely to break even by a simple movement. There are various poor lifestyle habits, such as consumption of junk food and alcohol, lack of vitamin D, and less physical activities, which mainly influence the bone weakening 4,5 . Because one cannot feel easily the bone weakening or bone loss, osteoporosis is named as a silent disease until the bone fracture occurs.…”