“…[21,22] Moreover, TENGs are cost-effective, highly efficient, lightweight, and environmentally friendly, with a simple structure and wide availability. [23] During harvesting low-frequency mechanical energy, TENGs demonstrate great potential for widespread applications in motion monitoring, [24][25][26][27] environmental sensing, [28,29] hydrological monitoring, [30,31] healthcare, [32,33] smart homes, [34,35] and energy harvesting. [36,37] The adaptability and flexibility of TENGs enable them to harness renewable energy resources in the environment, including wind, [38,39] hydro, [40,41] and kinetic energy.…”