Advances in Saponin Diversity of Panax ginseng

Piao, Xiangmin; Zhang, Hao; Kang, Jong Pyo; Yang, Dong Uk; Li, Yali; Pang, Shaojun; Jin, Yinping; Yang, Deok Chun; Ying-ping, Wang

doi:10.3390/molecules25153452

Cited by 65 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…Representative dammarane-type saponins are ginsenoside (isolated from Panax ginseng), gypenoside (from Gymnostemma pentaphyllum), bacoside (from Bacopa monnieri), and gymnemic acid (from Gymnema sylvestre), all of which have been extensively studied for their biological activities [5]. Although the naturally occurring dammarane-type saponins have been studied for a long time [102], SAR studies revealed that chemically generated synthetic saponins were mainly on ginsenoside derivatives and were still far from satisfactory [103,104]. Based on the recent progress in organic synthesis (Figure 4) [105,106], several studies showed cytotoxicity against cancer cells [58,107,108], as well as antioxidative [59], antiasthma [60] and skin-protective effects [61] of ginsenoside derivatives (Table 1).…”

Section: Dammaranementioning

confidence: 99%

Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Synthetic Saponins

Juang

Liang

2020

Molecules

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Saponins are amphiphilic molecules consisting of carbohydrate and either triterpenoid or steroid aglycone moieties and are noted for their multiple biological activities—Fungicidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects have all been observed. Saponins from natural sources have long been used in herbal and traditional medicines; however, the isolation of complexed saponins from nature is difficult and laborious, due to the scarce amount and structure heterogeneity. Chemical synthesis is considered a powerful tool to expand the structural diversity of saponin, leading to the discovery of promising compounds. This review focuses on recent developments in the structure optimization and biological evaluation of synthetic triterpenoid and steroid saponin derivatives. By summarizing the structure–activity relationship (SAR) results, we hope to provide the direction for future development of saponin-based bioactive compounds.

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Section: Dammaranementioning

confidence: 99%

Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Synthetic Saponins

Juang

Liang

2020

Molecules

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“…Common types of ginsenosides are protopanaxadiol (PPD), protopanaxatriol (PPT), oleanolic acid and C17 side-chain variation type (C17SCV) sapogenins based on chemical structure [ 32 – 34 ]. Among them, the sugar moieties in the PPD group are mostly bound to C-3 of the dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins including ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3, Rh2, and compound K (CK).…”

Section: Ginsenosidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenosides emerging as both bifunctional drugs and nanocarriers for enhanced antitumor therapies

et al. 2021

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Ginsenosides, the main components isolated from Panax ginseng, can play a therapeutic role by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and reducing proliferation, invasion, metastasis; by enhancing immune regulation; and by reversing tumor cell multidrug resistance. However, clinical applications have been limited because of ginsenosides’ physical and chemical properties such as low solubility and poor stability, as well as their short half-life, easy elimination, degradation, and other pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. In recent years, developing a ginsenoside delivery system for bifunctional drugs or carriers has attracted much attention from researchers. To create a precise treatment strategy for cancer, a variety of nano delivery systems and preparation technologies based on ginsenosides have been conducted (e.g., polymer nanoparticles [NPs], liposomes, micelles, microemulsions, protein NPs, metals and inorganic NPs, biomimetic NPs). It is desirable to design a targeted delivery system to achieve antitumor efficacy that can not only cross various barriers but also can enhance immune regulation, eventually converting to a clinical application. Therefore, this review focused on the latest research about delivery systems encapsulated or modified with ginsenosides, and unification of medicines and excipients based on ginsenosides for improving drug bioavailability and targeting ability. In addition, challenges and new treatment methods were discussed to support the development of these new tumor therapeutic agents for use in clinical treatment.

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“…Of them, over fifty ginsenosides were isolated from 2000 to 2019. The pharmacological effects of these metabolites still have to be determined [85]. Overall, plants are an important source of complex chemical substances.…”

Section: Metabolomics Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics for Crop Breeding: General Considerations

Litvinov

Карлов

Divashuk

2021

Genes

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The development of new, more productive varieties of agricultural crops is becoming an increasingly difficult task. Modern approaches for the identification of beneficial alleles and their use in elite cultivars, such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection (MAS), are effective but insufficient for keeping pace with the improvement of wheat or other crops. Metabolomics is a powerful but underutilized approach that can assist crop breeding. In this review, basic methodological information is summarized, and the current strategies of applications of metabolomics related to crop breeding are explored using recent examples. We briefly describe classes of plant metabolites, cellular localization of metabolic pathways, and the strengths and weaknesses of the main metabolomics technique. Among the commercialized genetically modified crops, about 50 different metabolically altered plants have been identified in the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) database. These plants are reviewed as encouraging examples of the application of knowledge of biochemical pathways. Based on the recent examples of metabolomic studies, we discuss the performance of metabolic markers, the integration of metabolic and genomic data in metabolic QTLs (mQTLs) and metabolic genome-wide association studies (mGWAS). The elucidation of metabolic pathways and involved genes will help in crop breeding and the introgression of alleles of wild relatives in a more targeted manner.

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Advances in Saponin Diversity of Panax ginseng

Cited by 65 publications

References 100 publications

Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Synthetic Saponins

Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Synthetic Saponins

Ginsenosides emerging as both bifunctional drugs and nanocarriers for enhanced antitumor therapies

Metabolomics for Crop Breeding: General Considerations

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