Advances in preventive vaccine development against HTLV-1 infection: A systematic review of the last 35 years

Abstract

IntroductionThe Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first described human retrovirus. It is currently estimated that around 5 to 10 million people worldwide are infected with this virus. Despite its high prevalence, there is still no preventive vaccine against the HTLV-1 infection. It is known that vaccine development and large-scale immunization play an important role in global public health. To understand the advances in this field we performed a systematic review regarding the current progress in the development of a preventive vaccine against the HTLV-1 infection.MethodsThis review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA®) guidelines and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The search for articles was performed in PubMed, Lilacs, Embase and SciELO databases. From the 2,485 articles identified, 25 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.ResultsThe analysis of these articles indicated that potential vaccine designs in development are available, although there is still a paucity of studies in the human clinical trial phase.DiscussionAlthough HTLV-1 was discovered almost 40 years ago, it remains a great challenge and a worldwide neglected threat. The scarcity of funding contributes decisively to the inconclusiveness of the vaccine development. The data summarized here intends to highlight the necessity to improve the current knowledge of this neglected retrovirus, encouraging for more studies on vaccine development aiming the to eliminate this human threat.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier (CRD42021270412).

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proposed vaccines: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical studies

“…Previous reviews are also available in the literature regarding developing an efficacious HTLV-1 vaccine [ 83 – 86 ]. The most recent study by Santana et al systematically reviewed the last 35 years efforts for developing HTLV-1 vaccine [ 83 ].…”

“…Previous reviews are also available in the literature regarding developing an efficacious HTLV-1 vaccine [ 83 – 86 ]. The most recent study by Santana et al systematically reviewed the last 35 years efforts for developing HTLV-1 vaccine [ 83 ]. In their study, 25 articles were included, out of which 19 were peptide based, and 6 were viral vector-based vaccines.…”

Заболевания, Ассоциированные С Т-Лимфотропным Вирусом Типа 1 Человека (HTLV-1)

“…К настоящему времени предложено несколько профилактических мер, а именно: дородовой скрининг и обследование доноров крови и органов. Однако споры об экономической эффективности этих мер не утихают, что связано с географической гетерогенностью эндемичных по HTLV-1-инфекции территорий [79,80].…”

“…Разработка эффективной вакцины позволит ограничить или даже предотвратить передачу HTLV-1, а также снизить вирусную нагрузку у инфицированных пациентов и тем самым вероятность развития HTLV-1-ассоциированных заболеваний. На сегодня известно несколько типов HTLV-1-вакцин, находящихся на разных этапах испытаний: пептидно-белковые, инкапсулированные и содержащие адъювант; полиэпитопные; на основе ДНК, дендритных клеток, рекомбинантного вируса осповакцины и другие [79,80].…”

Preclinical assessment of an anti-HTLV-1 heterologous DNA/MVA vaccine protocol expressing a multiepitope HBZ protein

“…Based on the knowledge advances in the HTLV-host interaction and in the biotechnology recent systematic reviews and reports showed a plethora of approaches for HTLV-1 vaccine candidates: viral like particles vectors and viral vectors (Vaccinia virus, Adenovirus and Sendai virus), dendritic cell and peptide-based vaccines, recombinant single proteins or multiepitope proteins expressed in different systems including molecules encapsulated using nanotechnology [ 9 – 13 ]. Of great interest 15 peptide stretches (from Gag and Gag-Pro-Pol polyproteins, Tax-1 and gp62) were presented from an epitope platform for HTLV-1 vaccine development of uniquely viral non-human pentapeptides to avoid cross-reaction, generating safe immunization based on peptides and mRNA [ 14 ].…”