Advances in Preclinical PET Instrumentation

Amirrashedi, Mahsa; Zaidi, Habib; Ay, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.1016/j.cpet.2020.06.003

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…Positron emission tomography/SPECT provides quantitative in vivo detection of picomolar concentrations of the target within a large field-of-view ( 26 – 28 ). The resolution of commercially available microPET is approximately 0.5–2 mm ( 29 – 32 ), which is sufficient for rat brain imaging but suboptimal for mouse brain imaging considering the spillover and size of the mouse brain (10 mm × 10 mm × 15 mm) ( 33 ). The concept of combining PET/SPECT with CT was first introduced to clinical trials in the early 2000s ( 34 ).…”

Section: Hybrid Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Technical Advances in Accelerating the Clinical Translation of Small Animal Brain Imaging: Hybrid Imaging, Deep Learning, and Transcriptomics

Ren

Guan

et al. 2022

Front. Med.

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Small animal models play a fundamental role in brain research by deepening the understanding of the physiological functions and mechanisms underlying brain disorders and are thus essential in the development of therapeutic and diagnostic imaging tracers targeting the central nervous system. Advances in structural, functional, and molecular imaging using MRI, PET, fluorescence imaging, and optoacoustic imaging have enabled the interrogation of the rodent brain across a large temporal and spatial resolution scale in a non-invasively manner. However, there are still several major gaps in translating from preclinical brain imaging to the clinical setting. The hindering factors include the following: (1) intrinsic differences between biological species regarding brain size, cell type, protein expression level, and metabolism level and (2) imaging technical barriers regarding the interpretation of image contrast and limited spatiotemporal resolution. To mitigate these factors, single-cell transcriptomics and measures to identify the cellular source of PET tracers have been developed. Meanwhile, hybrid imaging techniques that provide highly complementary anatomical and molecular information are emerging. Furthermore, deep learning-based image analysis has been developed to enhance the quantification and optimization of the imaging protocol. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent developments in small animal neuroimaging toward improved translational power, with a focus on technical improvement including hybrid imaging, data processing, transcriptomics, awake animal imaging, and on-chip pharmacokinetics. We also discuss outstanding challenges in standardization and considerations toward increasing translational power and propose future outlooks.

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Section: Hybrid Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Technical Advances in Accelerating the Clinical Translation of Small Animal Brain Imaging: Hybrid Imaging, Deep Learning, and Transcriptomics

Ren

Guan

et al. 2022

Front. Med.

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“…However, motion tracking of the rodent head presents more challenges than human head motion tracking. First, the spatial resolution of preclinical scanners is usually better than in clinical scanners, with some modern systems reaching sub-millimetric resolution (54). Therefore, the tracking system should be able to deliver sub-millimetric tracking information.…”

Section: Small Animal Head Motion Trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translation of Preclinical PET Imaging Findings: Challenges and Motion Correction to Overcome the Confounding Effect of Anesthetics

et al. 2021

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Preclinical brain positron emission tomography (PET) in animals is performed using anesthesia to avoid movement during the PET scan. In contrast, brain PET scans in humans are typically performed in the awake subject. Anesthesia is therefore one of the principal limitations in the translation of preclinical brain PET to the clinic. This review summarizes the available literature supporting the confounding effect of anesthesia on several PET tracers for neuroscience in preclinical small animal scans. In a second part, we present the state-of-the-art methodologies to circumvent this limitation to increase the translational significance of preclinical research, with an emphasis on motion correction methods. Several motion tracking systems compatible with preclinical scanners have been developed, each one with its advantages and limitations. These systems and the novel experimental setups they can bring to preclinical brain PET research are reviewed here. While technical advances have been made in this field, and practical implementations have been demonstrated, the technique should become more readily available to research centers to allow for a wider adoption of the motion correction technique for brain research.

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“…Preclinical PET/MRI scanners have reached sub-millimeter resolution, shown in examples [3,[11][12][13][14][15]. A recent summary of design and performance of 38 preclinical systems [11] quotes spatial resolutions between 0.6 mm and 3.0 mm with a median of 1.42 mm [16]. Eight of the systems use Depth Of Interaction (DOI) information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, we are aiming at a Noise-Equivalent Count Rate (NECR), determined according to NEMA Standards Publication NU 4-2008 (NEMA-NU4) [28], which peaks only far beyond 500 MBq. In [16] peak NECR, values for mouse ranging from 16.9 kcps to 1670 kcps with a median of 204 kcps and for rat ranging from 12.8 kcps to 592.0 kcps with a median of 156 kcps are reported (With varying energy windows and excluding the Mini-EXPLORER [29] and Mini-EXPLORER II [30] NECR data because both systems are targeting primates instead of small rodents). The maxima are reached by the Siemens Inveon stand-alone PET detector with a peak sensitivity of 6.72% [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SAFIR-I: Design and Performance of a High-Rate Preclinical PET Insert for MRI

Bebie

Becker

Commichau

et al. 2021

Sensors

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(1) Background: Small Animal Fast Insert for MRI detector I (SAFIR-I) is a preclinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) insert for the Bruker BioSpec 70/30 Ultra Shield Refrigerated (USR) preclinical 7T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system. It is designed explicitly for high-rate kinetic studies in mice and rats with injected activities reaching 500MBq, enabling truly simultaneous quantitative PET and Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging with time frames of a few seconds in length. (2) Methods: SAFIR-I has an axial field of view of 54.2mm and an inner diameter of 114mm. It employs Lutetium Yttrium OxyorthoSilicate (LYSO) crystals and Multi Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) arrays. The Position-Energy-Timing Application Specific Integrated Circuit, version 6, Single Ended (PETA6SE) digitizes the MPPC signals and provides time stamps and energy information. (3) Results: SAFIR-I is MR-compatible. The system’s Coincidence Resolving Time (CRT) and energy resolution are between separate-uncertainty 209.0(3)ps and separate-uncertainty 12.41(02) Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) at low activity and separate-uncertainty 326.89(12)ps and separate-uncertainty 20.630(011) FWHM at 550MBq, respectively. The peak sensitivity is ∼1.6. The excellent performance facilitated the successful execution of first in vivo rat studies beyond 300MBq. Based on features visible in the acquired images, we estimate the spatial resolution to be ∼2mm in the center of the Field Of View (FOV). (4) Conclusion: The SAFIR-I PET insert provides excellent performance, permitting simultaneous in vivo small animal PET/MR image acquisitions with time frames of a few seconds in length at activities of up to 500MBq.

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Advances in Preclinical PET Instrumentation

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Cited by 27 publications

References 103 publications

Recent Technical Advances in Accelerating the Clinical Translation of Small Animal Brain Imaging: Hybrid Imaging, Deep Learning, and Transcriptomics

Recent Technical Advances in Accelerating the Clinical Translation of Small Animal Brain Imaging: Hybrid Imaging, Deep Learning, and Transcriptomics

Translation of Preclinical PET Imaging Findings: Challenges and Motion Correction to Overcome the Confounding Effect of Anesthetics

SAFIR-I: Design and Performance of a High-Rate Preclinical PET Insert for MRI

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