Advances in noninvasive methods for functional evaluation of renovascular disease

Assessing intrarenal nonperfusion and vascular leakage in acute kidney injury with multinuclear 1H/19F MRI and perfluorocarbon nanoparticles

“…followed by a series of image acquisitions (e.g., X‐ray, SPECT, PET, and MRI) to capture the first‐pass dynamics of contrast agents flowing through the kidney (). Despite the general acceptance of these methods, heightened concern persists regarding their application in patients with potentially compromised kidney function (). Indeed, the potential for contrast‐induced nephropathy that can dramatically accelerate renal damage calls for great caution or even avoidance of their use in the patients with acute and/or chronic kidney disease ().…”