Advances in Nanozymes as a Paradigm for Viral Diagnostics and Therapy

Abstract

Over the last few decades, humankind has constantly encountered new viral species that create havoc in the socio-economic balance worldwide. Among the method to combat these novel viral infections, fast and Point-of-care diagnosis is of prime importance to contain the spreading of viral infections. However, most sensitive diagnostic systems for viral infections are time-consuming and require well-trained professionals, making it difficult for the patients. In recent years nanozymes emerged as promising therapeutic and fast diagnostic tools due to their multienzymelike catalytic performance. Nanozymes can be designed using inorganic or organic components with tailorable physicochemical surface properties, enabling the attachment of various molecules and species on the surface of the nanozyme for specific recognition. In addition to the composition, the multienzyme-like catalytic performance can be modulated by the shape and size of the nanoparticles. Due to their multicatalytic abilities, nanozymes can be used for fast diagnosis and therapy for viral infections. Here we attempt to focus on the insights and recent explorations on the advances in designing various types of nanozymes as a theranostic tool for viral infections.

Nanotechnology’s frontier in combatting infectious and inflammatory diseases: prevention and treatment

“… 150 It can be designed as a targeted delivery vehicle or simulate the catalytic generation of ROS, such as oxidases and peroxidases, which can simultaneously disrupt various essential biomolecules crucial for bacterial cell viability. 151 – 155 Similarly, nanoenzymes can be encapsulated with antioxidants to combat oxidative stress and treat inflammatory diseases. 156 – 162 Nanotoxins are NPs with membrane structures wrapping around bacterial toxins designed to reduce toxicity and increase biocompatibility.…”

Transition-Metal-Based Nanozymes: Synthesis, Mechanisms of Therapeutic Action, and Applications in Cancer Treatment

“…Nanozymes can mimic the activity of natural enzymes valuable for diagnosing and treating various diseases, including cancer. , However, the broad applications of nanozymes are still hindered by their unclear catalytic mechanism. Therefore, elucidating the specific mechanism behind nanozymes is crucial for designing and developing them effectively in biomedical applications. , This section aims to summarize the various catalytic mechanisms of nanozymes involved in the existing studies, including CAT-, POD-, OXD-, and SOD-like activities, hoping to provide some orientation for the future design of advanced nanozymes (Table ).…”

“…Nanozymes can mimic the activity of natural enzymes valuable for diagnosing and treating various diseases, including cancer. 88,89 However, the broad applications of nanozymes are still hindered by their unclear catalytic mechanism. Therefore, elucidating the specific mechanism behind nanozymes is crucial for designing and developing them effectively in biomedical applications.…”

A platinum glutamate acid complex as a peroxidase mimic: high activity, controllable chemical modification, and application in biosensors

“…This innovative branch of enzyme research holds immense promise and is poised for substantial growth. [3][4][5] Yet, challenges persist within this domain. 6 The catalytic activity of nanozymes is intricately inuenced by factors such as size, shape, and the surrounding environment, which shape their crystalline surfaces.…”