Advances in Nanostructured Metal-Encapsulated Porous Organic-Polymer Composites for Catalyzed Organic Chemical Synthesis

Abstract

Porous organic polymers (POPs) are of growing research interest owing to their high surface areas, stabilities, controllable chemical configurations, and tunable pore volumes. The molecular nanoarchitecture of POP provides metal or metal oxide binding sites, which is promising for the development of advanced heterogeneous catalysts. This article highlights the development of numerous kinds of POPs and key achievements to date, including their functionalization and incorporation of nanoparticles into their framework structures, characterization methods that are predominantly in use for POP-based materials, and their applications as catalysts in several reactions. Scientists today are capable of preparing POP-based materials that show good selectivity, activity, durability, and recoverability, which can help overcome many of the current environmental and industrial problems. These POP-based materials exhibit enhanced catalytic activities for diverse reactions, including coupling, hydrogenation, and acid catalysis.

Role of Polymer Structures in Catalysis by Transition Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Composites

“…133,137 POPs are valuable supports for heterogeneous nanocatalysts because of the high surface area, ability to control the NP growth, and a large pore volume, allowing for easy access of substrates and products. 132,133,138 It is noteworthy that the type of pores and their functionality (presence or absence of functional groups) influence the above parameters. 132,133,138,139 The first example of POP-based catalysts where Pt NPs have been formed in micropores of hyper-cross-linked polystyrene (HPS) was published in 2001.…”

Bismuth as Smart Material and Its Application in the Ninth Principle of Sustainable Chemistry

“…Fine Chemicals. Some of the catalytic reactions used to manufacture fine chemicals on a large scale are Friedel-Crafts reaction and Heck reaction [121,122].…”

Pillar[5]arene-Derived Microporous Polyaminal Networks with Enhanced Uptake Performance for CO2 and Iodine

“…Recently, the introduction of macrocycles, a star compound in supramolecular chemistry, into POPs has emerged as a new platform by combining both advantages of macrocycles and POPs, targeting a wide range of applications, such as energy storage, heterogeneous catalysis, removal of organic micropollutants, fluorescence sensors, and so on. − They might possess heteroporous property coming from the intrinsic cavity of macrocycles and the extrinsic porosity during the formation processes of POPs, respectively, endowing them with different binding domains and potential absorption properties. Until now, various macrocycles, including crown ethers, cyclodextrins, , calix­[ n ]­arenes, , and cucurbit­[ n ]­urils have been explored as the building block to construct POPs, such as hypercross-linked β-cyclodextrin porous polymers and porous calix[4]­arene-based materials .…”