Advances in myelin imaging with potential clinical application to pediatric imaging

Spader, Heather S.; Ellermeier, Anna; O’Muircheartaigh, Jonathan; Dean, Douglas C.; Dirks, Holly; Boxerman, Jerrold L.; Cosgrove, G. Rees; Deoni, Sean

doi:10.3171/2013.1.focus12426

Cited by 69 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Restriction leads to nutritional deficiencies and hormonal changes, additional factors that alter brain function (80). Neurodevelopment is critically dependent on myelination (81, 82), and that process may be impacted with the presence of an eating disorder in adolescence and young adulthood. The size of the anterior Cing, a brain region fundamental in self-processing, decreases with the severity of starvation in AN (83).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Responses during Social and Self-Knowledge Tasks in Bulimia Nervosa

McAdams¹,

Krawczyk²

2013

Front. Psychiatry

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Self-evaluation closely dependent upon body shape and weight is one of the defining criteria for bulimia nervosa (BN). We studied 53 adult women, 17 with BN, 18 with a recent history of anorexia nervosa (AN), and 18 healthy comparison women, using three different fMRI tasks that required thinking about self-knowledge and social interactions: the Social Identity task, the Physical Identity task, and the Social Attribution task. Previously, we identified regions of interest (ROI) in the same tasks using whole-brain voxel-wise comparisons of the healthy comparison women and women with a recent history of AN. Here, we report on the neural activations in those ROIs in subjects with BN. In the Social Attribution task, we examined activity in the right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ), an area frequently associated with mentalization. In the Social Identity task, we examined activity in the precuneus (PreC) and dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC). In the Physical Identity task, we examined activity in a ventral region of the dACC. Interestingly, in all tested regions, the average activation in subjects with bulimia was more than the average activation levels seen in the subjects with a history of anorexia but less than that seen in healthy subjects. In three regions, the RTPJ, the PreC, and the dACC, group responses in the subjects with bulimia were significantly different from healthy subjects but not subjects with anorexia. The neural activations of people with BN performing fMRI tasks engaging social processing are more similar to people with AN than healthy people. This suggests biological measures of social processes may be helpful in characterizing individuals with eating disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Responses during Social and Self-Knowledge Tasks in Bulimia Nervosa

McAdams¹,

Krawczyk²

2013

Front. Psychiatry

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“…An even newer technique for measuring myelin concentration using multicomponent-driven equilibrium single-pulse observation of T1 and T2 (McDESPOT) may also play an important role in evaluating the white matter of patients with epilepsy, especially pediatric patients. 18 This technique compares the myelin concentration of the subject with an age-matched control database and highlights differences. These differences are then presented visually for examination and can be used to focus attention on the cortical area of interest (►Fig.…”

Section: Myelin Mapsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fludeoxyglucose F18 positron emission tomography ( 18 F-FDG PET) imaging is based on the principle that metabolic activity of cortex is reflected in the rate of uptake of glucose. 18 F-FDG is a glucose analogue with an attached positron emitting fluoride atom. Imaging may be performed in either the ictal or interictal period.…”

Section: Positron Emission Tomographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging for Epilepsy Surgery

Chavakula

Cosgrove

2017

Semin Neurol

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Approximately 20 to 30% of patients with epilepsy are considered drug refractory, 1 defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) as the persistence of seizures despite adequate trials of two well-tolerated and appropriately chosen anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) under the supervision of an experienced neurologist over the course of at least 1 year. 2 This population represents the potential pool of candidates for surgical treatment, but not all of these patients are amenable to resective surgery. Successful surgical intervention for epilepsy requires a thorough investigation to identify those patients with clearly localizable epileptic foci, with the goal being freedom from seizure with no permanent neurologic deficits.The goal of any presurgical evaluation in a patient with drug-resistant epilepsy is to identify a localized region of epileptic cortex and subsequently resect or disconnect that abnormal cortex. The initial investigation relies on a detailed clinical history and neurologic exam with consultation of both the patient and family members who have witnessed the seizures of the patient. The presence of auras, semiology, and timing of seizures are vital pieces of knowledge that inform seizure onset localization. Signs and symptoms, suggestive of a focal seizure onset, are further investigated through long-term video electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring. Additional testing may include behavioral evaluation and neuropsychological testing. Various neuroimaging techniques are also employed to identify structural and/or metabolic abnormalities that may be the source of the seizures. 3 In the perfect scenario, all data streams are concordant with ictal EEG, confirming that the clinical seizures do indeed arise from a clearly identified cortical region. However, in many cases, there remains some level of discordance in the functional and anatomic seizure localizations, and in these situations, invasive intracranial investigation with implanted electrodes may also be necessary to determine the precise zone of seizure onset.Most focal epilepsy arises in the temporal lobe, notably the mesial temporal lobe, followed by the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. 4 In some cases, the epileptic zone is multilobar or even panhemispheric. In cases of clear cut mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), between 65 and 85% of patients are cured of epilepsy following resection. 5,6 Surgical success is much less predictable when bilateral MTS is present or when no identifiable temporal lobe lesion exists. This is even true in the extratemporal epilepsies. The most important predictor of a favorable surgical outcome is the identification of a clear cut structural lesion that is consistent with the clinical semiology of the seizures and the ictal EEG onset. 7 Therefore, advanced neuroimaging techniques have become increasingly important in identifying and defining epileptogenic lesions that might previously have gone undetected. Keywords AbstractSuccessful epilepsy surgery requires accurate localization of the zone of seiz...

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“…Миелин представляет собой многослойную билипид-ную оболочку аксонов в центральной и перифериче-ской нервной системе, имеет сложный биохимический состав и большое число функций, самая значитель-ная из которых -электрическая изоляция аксонов. Форми рование миелина и миелинизация основных проводящих путей головного мозга происходят на раз-ных этапах развития ребенка и могут существенно меняться при таких заболеваниях, как ДЦП, наслед-ственные лейкодистрофии, демиелинизирующие фор-мы патологии [15][16][17]. Процесс миелинизации, начи-наясь со II триместра беременности, наиболее активен в течение первых 2 лет жизни ребенка и продолжается вплоть до возраста 30-40 лет.…”

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