“…Microbes play a significant part on functioning ecosystem more especially in the biogeochemical cycling of heavy metals by removing the metals from the environment (Wang et al, 2023). Biological roles and impacts of metals are categorized into three broad groups: (Na, Ca, K, Mn, Mg, V, Fe, Cu, Co, Mo, Ni, Zn, and W) are necessary metals with known biological functions; (Ag, Sn, Cd, Au, Ti, Hg, Pb, Al, and metalloids Ge, Sb, As, and Se) are toxic metals; and (Rb, Sr, and T) are non-essential, nontoxic metals with no known biological effects.…”