Advances in insect pest management in postharvest storage of cereals: use of controlled atmosphere and temperature control

Synthetic and Natural Insecticides: Gas, Liquid, Gel and Solid Formulations for Stored-Product and Food-Industry Pest Control

“…Synthetic and inert insecticide gases and vapors . Synthetic fumigants and inert gases include very diverse chemical compounds, such as carbon disulfide (e.g., bisulfide) (CS 2 ), carbonyl sulfide (COS), chloropicrin, ethane dinitrile (EDN), methyl bromide (MB/MeBr/CH 3 Br), aluminum phosphide (AlP), magnesium phosphide (Mg 3 P 2 ), phosphine (PH 3 ), sulfuryl fluoride (SO 2 F 2 ), carbonyl sulfide (CS 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), carbon tetrachloride (CTC), acrylonitrile (ACN), ethylene dichloride (EDC), ethylene dibromide (EDB), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (N 2 ), ethyl formate (EF), ethylene oxide (ETOX), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), methyl iodide (MI), methyl isothiocyanate, methyl formate, methyl benzoate (MBe), ozone (O 3 ), propylene oxide (PO), nitric oxide (NO), and acetaldehyde [ 17 , 32 , 40 , 46 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. The general toxicity of most of the above-listed fumigants to a wide range of organisms indicates their adverse effects on fundamental life processes at various physiological levels, including cellular processes [ 45 ].…”

“…The general toxicity of most of the above-listed fumigants to a wide range of organisms indicates their adverse effects on fundamental life processes at various physiological levels, including cellular processes [ 45 ]. Therefore, most synthetic fumigation compounds and inert gases have broad-spectrum pesticide and biocide effects [ 56 , 59 , 60 ]; these compounds may be not only insecticides but also fungicides and nematicides [ 61 , 62 ]. Synthetic fumigants may be applied as structural or quarantine pesticide treatments of wood [ 63 , 64 ]; as weed seed devitalization treatments; or as quarantine pesticide treatments of cut flowers, fresh fruits, and vegetables [ 65 ].…”

“…Synthetic fumigants may be applied as structural or quarantine pesticide treatments of wood [ 63 , 64 ]; as weed seed devitalization treatments; or as quarantine pesticide treatments of cut flowers, fresh fruits, and vegetables [ 65 ]. A detailed description of the multiple and versatile uses of the abovementioned fumigation compounds can be found in numerous scientific articles and in several specialized reviews [ 57 ] and books [ 40 , 45 , 46 , 56 , 59 ].…”

“…Hermetic or airtight storage is based on naturally modified atmospheres (with an increased content of CO 2 ), gradually created by natural breathing of stored grain and grain-associated microorganisms and pest arthropods. The conditions for good and long-term efficacy of hermetic commodity storage are properly sealed storage construction, preventing the re-entrance of oxygen from the surrounding air atmosphere [ 56 , 169 ], as well as protection against gnawing activity by rodents. Navarro [ 168 ] suggested “assisted hermetic storage” as a special subcategory of hermetic storage.…”

“…Underground storage with hypoxic/anoxic atmospheres represents one of the oldest methods used in early agriculture until the Middle Ages [ 56 , 179 ]. Such simple stores are still conserved at historical archaeological sites or are still in operation in some rural areas of developing countries [ 163 , 180 ].…”