Advances in Implementing Integrated Pest Management for Woody Landscape Plants

Raupp, Michael J.; Koehler, C. S.; Davidson, John

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.003021

Cited by 66 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Christmas tree plantations are relatively stable ecosystems compared with most annual crops (McCullough 1999), which may increase the potential for success using biologically based control methods (Raupp et al 1992). The structural heterogeneity of tree plantations provides refuge, overwintering sites and alternate prey sources for a diverse array of insects including predators and parasitoids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Twelve species of hymenopterous parasitoids reportedly attack C. pinifoliae or C. heterophyllae in North America, although the parasitoid complex may vary among geographic regions (Martel and Sharma 1975, Burden and Hart 1990, Cooper and Cranshaw 1999. Horticultural spray oils have little effect on natural enemy populations and are often used to control scale insects and other pests in landscape or ornamental situations (Nielsen 1990, Raupp et al 1992), but they are rarely used on Christmas tree plantations (Nielsen 1990, McCullough andFondren 1998), primarily because of concerns about their efÞcacy in a commercial setting.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenology, Natural Enemies, and Efficacy of Horticultural Oil for Control of Chionaspis heterophyllae (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Christmas Tree Plantations

Fondren¹,

McCullough²

2005

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Pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), and Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley are important pests of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L., and other conifers in much of North America. On Christmas tree plantations, these insects are typically controlled by spraying broad-spectrum insecticides when the vulnerable immature stages are present. However, effective control of bivoltine populations can be difficult to achieve due to asynchronous hatch and development of the second generation. Our objectives were to 1) determine the phenology of the second generation of C. heterophyllae in Michigan; 2) characterize the natural enemy complex; and 3) assess the effectiveness of horticultural oil for control of C. heterophyllae on P. sylvestris Christmas tree plantations. We monitored scale populations in three counties in lower Michigan for 3 yr. Scale phenology was consistently associated with cumulative degree-days base 10 degrees C (DD(10 degrees C)). Second-generation egg hatch began at approximately 1230-1300 DD(10 degrees C), and continued for approximately 3 wk. The peak of the second instar coincided with 1500-1600 DD(10 degrees C). Common predators included the coccinellids Chilocorus stigma (Say) and Microweisia misella (LeConte). On average, 70% of the C. heterophyllae population in unsprayed fields was killed by predators in 1999. Two endoparasitic wasps, Encarsia bella Gahan and Marietta mexicana Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), also were recovered. In 2000 and 2001, we applied a highly refined horticultural spray oil with a backpack mist blower at 1500-1600 DD(10 degrees). Scale mortality on trees treated with oil ranged from 66 to 80% and was similar to control achieved using conventional insecticides in both years.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenology, Natural Enemies, and Efficacy of Horticultural Oil for Control of Chionaspis heterophyllae (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Christmas Tree Plantations

Fondren¹,

McCullough²

2005

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“…Urban trees are highly valued for many reasons (Raupp et al, 1992). Their aesthetic appeal, as well as their ability to improve air quality, provides shade and increase property value justifies the need for urban forest pest management programs (Coffelt and Schultz, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignaria, juvenile density and defoliation on mature sycamore maple in an urban environment

Fry

Quiring

Ryall

et al. 2008

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…Christmas tree plantations are capable of supporting a complex of natural enemies because of their stability over a typical 6-to 12-yr rotation period and relative lack of disturbance compared with annual agricultural crops (Raupp et al 1992, McCullough 1999. Conservation biological control is a practical option on tree plantations, and several methods to attract or enhance populations of natural enemies have been suggested (Räther andMills 1989, McCullough 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect Predators and Augmentative Biological Control of Balsam Twig Aphid (Mindarus abietinus Koch) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Christmas Tree Plantations

Fondren

McCullough

Walter

2004

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Advances in Implementing Integrated Pest Management for Woody Landscape Plants

Cited by 66 publications

References 63 publications

Phenology, Natural Enemies, and Efficacy of Horticultural Oil for Control of <I>Chionaspis heterophyllae</I> (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Christmas Tree Plantations

Phenology, Natural Enemies, and Efficacy of Horticultural Oil for Control of <I>Chionaspis heterophyllae</I> (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Christmas Tree Plantations

Relationships between elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignaria, juvenile density and defoliation on mature sycamore maple in an urban environment

Insect Predators and Augmentative Biological Control of Balsam Twig Aphid (<I>Mindarus abietinus</I> Koch) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Christmas Tree Plantations

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