Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Analytes in Biofluids

Abstract

More than half of all Americans suffer from chronic diseases, the leading causes of death and disability. However, prompt treatment of chronic diseases can lead to better patient outcomes and a reduced burden on the healthcare system. This highlights the urgent need for electrochemical (EC) sensors that provide non‐invasive, real‐time monitoring of disease‐indicating biomarkers. Due to their high sensitivity, high selectivity, and cost‐effectiveness, EC biosensors have recently shown tremendous promise for individualized health monitoring. This review explains the working principles of EC biosensors. It summarizes the recent advances and improvements of EC biosensors for detecting biomarkers in different biofluids, including tears, saliva, breath, urine, and sweat. Through a comprehensive overview of EC biosensor technologies, this article is expected to aid the development of flexible and wearable EC biosensing systems that have the potential to provide continuous, long‐term health monitoring for both clinical and at‐home use.

Enhancing On-Skin Analysis: A Microfluidic Device and Smartphone Imaging Module for Real-Time Quantitative Detection of Multianalytes in Sweat

“…The linear relationship between emission intensity enhancement and l -Tyr, l -Trp, Crt, and NH 4 + concentration within the 5–275, 6–170, 4–220, and 5–170 μM ranges is aptly captured by the following equations: ( F – F 0 )/ F 0 = 0.0065­[ l -Tyr] + 0.18, ( F – F 0 )/ F 0 = 0.0053­[ l -Trp] + 0.11, ( F – F 0 )/ F 0 = 0.0021­[Crt] + 0.03, and ( F 0 – F )/ F 0 = 0.0024­[NH 4 + ] + 0.03, respectively (Figure 4b,e,h,k). The concentrations of tyrosine, tryptophan, creatinine, and ammonium in human sweat typically fall within specific physiological ranges, approximately 6–240 μΜ, 20–91 μM, 0.4–960 μM, and 0.1–100 μM, respectively. Our research findings align closely with these established ranges.…”

Advances in sensor developments for cell culture monitoring

“…The transition reaction of these metal oxides, accompanied by the production of hydrogen ions and several electrons, can indicate a potentiometric or amperometric relationship with pH level. [78] Thus, probe or 2d film-type pH sensors are actively utilized for bioreactor and microscale cell culture systems (Figure 4e). Following this, Kienninger et al, [79] developed cell culture flask embedded multiparametric sensor capable of detecting DO and pH, which electrodes were obtained by electrodeposition of iridium oxide on chip-level on silicon nitride coated glass substrate.…”

Large-scale smart bioreactor with fully integrated wireless multivariate sensors and electronics for long-term in situ monitoring of stem cell culture

“…Recently, single-use cell-bag bioreactors have been widely recognized as an ideal manufacturing platform for generating large quantities of stem cells (21)(22)(23). Although various electrochemical sensors are available (24), current monitoring approaches rely on single-point detection sensors that penetrate cell bags, providing only indirect information near the sensors and failing to capture the entire culture environment (25). In addition, monitoring the entire cell bag becomes highly challenging as its size increases for scaled production (26)(27)(28).…”