Advances in electrochemical aptasensing for cardiac biomarkers

Abstract

Novel bio-receptors or bio-recognition molecular markers with high specificity, stability, and affinity for the efficient binding and entrapment of target biomolecules are essential for developing biomedical devices with high sensitivity and reliability. Aptamers are peptide or nucleic-acid (DNA or RNA) molecules capable of binding to target biomarkers by forming a unique three-dimensional structure, providing an effective platform for biosensing. This review comprehensively summarizes the progress of label-free and label-based electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of various biomarkers related to cardiovascular diseases. It also outlines the fundamental properties of different cardiac biomarkers, synthesis of target-specific aptamers, and working principles, such as single receptor and sandwich, of the different types of sensing assays for the electrochemical detection of cardiac biomarkers while highlighting the current challenges and future perspectives.

Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management

“…Thus, the best solution to control this lethal disease is still isolation of the infected patients through the earlier detection of COVID-19. At present, real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the ''gold standard" method for diagnosing COVID-Chemosensors 2022, 10, 287 2 of 24 19 disease that is based on the molecular testing of single-strand ribonucleic acid (ssRNA) from the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Figure 1a). Nevertheless, RT-PCR testing is time-consuming, costly, and requires a specialized laboratory setup with expensive instrumentations and trained personnel [7,8].…”

“…In particular, electrochemistry-based SARS-CoV-2 virus detection systems have received great potential over 'gold standard' RT-PCR, NA amplification assays, and optical methods. This is due to the superior advantages of electrochemical biosensors and immunosensors, including a short reading time, require a small volume of samples, miniaturization ability, point-of-care (POC) and point-of-need (PON) testing, and high sensitivity and specificity [16][17][18][19][20].…”

Electrochemical Sensing Platform Integrated with Solid‐state Reference Electrode Based on Indium Tin Oxide Interdigitated Array Electrodes

“…Moreover, electroanalytical devices are simple, easy to operate, inexpensive and can be miniaturized for portable use. In biomedical/environmental applications such as point-ofcare testing (POCT) [1][2][3][4][5], pH measurements, and physiological marker identification tests such as for the O 2 and CO 2 content in blood, there is a need for high sensitivity and fast detection of biochemical analytes in small volume samples. Microfluidics can provide additional functionality to electrochemical sensing platforms, enabling them to work with small-volume solutions.…”