Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy for Bladder Cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most common and expensive urinary system malignancies for its high recurrence and progression rate. In recent years, immense amounts of studies have been carried out to bring a more comprehensive cognition and numerous promising clinic approaches for BCa therapy. The development of innovative enhanced cystoscopy techniques (optical techniques, imaging systems) and tumor biomarkers-based non-invasive urine screening (DNA methylation-based urine test) would dramatically improve the accuracy of tumor detection, reducing the risk of recurrence and progression of BCa. Moreover, intravesical instillation and systemic therapeutic strategies (cocktail therapy, immunotherapy, vaccine therapy, targeted therapy) also provide plentiful measures to break the predicament of BCa. Several exploratory clinical studies, including novel surgical approaches, pharmaceutical compositions, and bladder preservation techniques, emerged continually, which are supposed to be promising candidates for BCa clinical treatment. Here, recent advances and prospects of diagnosis, intravesical or systemic treatment, and novel drug delivery systems for BCa therapy are reviewed in this paper.

Temporal Trends and Projections of Bladder Cancer Burden in China from 1990 to 2030: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study

“…Finally, advanced techniques are becoming more widely implied in bladder cancer clinical treatment. 34 , 35 Personalized treatments also have already emerged in clinical practice. Multidisciplinary comprehensive therapy may be helpful to the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer.…”

Applications of Exosomes in Diagnosing Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

“…Liquid biopsy can be employed for diagnostics, prognosis, and theragnostic [ 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. There are several types of samples which can be used for biopsy, including blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [ 21 , 28 ]. Biomarkers are biological molecules found within a given biopsy specimen used to detect and monitor illnesses and/or conditions.…”

“…A work-up may include a urologic evaluation, radiographic imaging with a CT scan, urinalysis, and cystoscopy. Of the available diagnostic methods, cystoscopy is currently the standard for bladder cancer diagnosis [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Once a diagnosis is confirmed, bladder cancer will be staged using the TNM staging system.…”

Enhanced anti-tumor immunity of vaccine combined with anti-PD-1 antibody in a murine bladder cancer model

“…Bladder cancer is the most common cancer involving the urinary system, and one-fourth of patients will experience muscle-invasive disease and either present with or later develop metastases [ 1 2 ]. Various treatment options have been developed for patients with bladder cancer such as surgery, intravesical therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy.…”

“…Various treatment options have been developed for patients with bladder cancer such as surgery, intravesical therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. Systemic chemotherapy is the standard treatment for inoperable locally advanced or metastatic stage [ 2 ]. Although each therapeutic method has been continuously developed and tested in clinical studies, there is still limited success in improving outcomes for patients with locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer, considering that the five-year survival rate is about 15% with contemporary regimens [ 2 ].…”