Advances in dermatophytes and dermatophytosis

Tanaka, Soichi; Summerbell, Richard C.; Tsuboi, Ryoji; Kaaman, T; Sohnle, Peter G.; Matsumoto, Tadahiko; Ray, Thomas L.

doi:10.1080/02681219280000741

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…According to Rippon (200), the arthroconidia of T. rubrum do not survive as long as do those of other species, e.g., E. floccosum. The transition from potentially sexual to asexual life histories in the non-soilassociated dermatophytes appears to have led to adaptive radiation, at least in the anthropophilic dermatophytes (248). By most estimates, approximately two-thirds of the recognized dermatophyte species primarily associated with mammalian pathogenesis are anthropophiles (248).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The dermatophytes

1995

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The etiologic agents of the dermatophytoses (ringworm) are classified in three anamorphic (asexual or imperfect) genera, Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. Species capable of reproducing sexually belong in the teleomorphic genus, Arthroderma, of the Ascomycota. On the basis of primary habitat association, they may be grouped as geophilic (soil associated), zoophilic, and anthropophilic. Adaptation to growth on humans by most geophilic species resulted in diminished loss of sporulation, sexuality, and other soil-associated characteristics. The dermatophytes have the ability to invade keratinized tissue (skin, hair, and nails) but are usually restricted to the nonliving cornified layer of the epidermis because of their inability to penetrate viable tissue of an immunocompetent host. However, invasion does elicit a host response ranging from mild to severe. Acid proteinases, elastase, keratinases, and other proteinases reportedly act as virulence factors. The development of cell-mediated immunity correlated with delayed hypersensitivity and an inflammatory response is associated with clinical cure, whereas the lack of or a defective cell-mediated immunity predisposes the host to chronic or recurrent dermatophyte infection. Chronic dermatophytosis is mostly caused by Trichophyton rubrum, and there is some evidence that mannan produced by this fungus suppresses or diminishes the inflammatory response. Since dermatophytes cause a communicable disease, modes of transmission and control are discussed as well as a survey of recent trends in therapy. Collection of specimens, culture media, and tests for identification are also presented. Genetic studies have led to an understanding of incompatibility mechanisms, pleomorphism and variation, resistance to griseofulvin, and virulence. Molecular biology has contributed to our knowledge of the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of dermatophytes.

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Section: Epidemiology and Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The dermatophytes

1995

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“…In recent years, numerous studies on dermatophytes, including their taxonomy, have been performed. Tanaka et al (533) and Weitzman and Summerbell (577) have summarized these studies. These fungi are mainly classified now by using the taxonomic scheme proposed by Emmons (148), which stress the importance of the conidial morphology and accessory structures.…”

Section: Plectomycetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in Fungal Taxonomy

1999

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SUMMARY Fungal infections, especially those caused by opportunistic species, have become substantially more common in recent decades. Numerous species cause human infections, and several new human pathogens are discovered yearly. This situation has created an increasing interest in fungal taxonomy and has led to the development of new methods and approaches to fungal biosystematics which have promoted important practical advances in identification procedures. However, the significance of some data provided by the new approaches is still unclear, and results drawn from such studies may even increase nomenclatural confusion. Analyses of rRNA and rDNA sequences constitute an important complement of the morphological criteria needed to allow clinical fungi to be more easily identified and placed on a single phylogenetic tree. Most of the pathogenic fungi so far described belong to the kingdom Fungi; two belong to the kingdom Chromista. Within the Fungi, they are distributed in three phyla and in 15 orders (Pneumocystidales, Saccharomycetales, Dothideales, Sordariales, Onygenales, Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Ophiostomatales, Microascales, Tremellales, Poriales, Stereales, Agaricales, Schizophyllales, and Ustilaginales).

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“…These fungi known collectively as dermatophytes, usually infect the non‐viable cornified portions of the skin (i.e. the stratum corneum, hair shafts and nails) 10–12 . Competition for iron by serum proteins such as transferin, or activation of complement may preclude the dermatophytes from invading deep tissues in most patients.…”

Section: Dermatophytosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the stratum corneum, hair shafts and nails). [10][11][12] Competition for iron by serum proteins such as transferin, or activation of complement may preclude the dermatophytes from invading deep tissues in most patients. Thus, dermatophytes almost never disseminate, even in the severely immunocompromised patients.…”

Section: Dermatophytosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinicopathologic presentations of dermatomycoses in cancer patients

Quatresooz¹,

Piérard-Franchimont

Arrese

et al. 2008

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Many of the skin fungal infections in cancer patients may look similar to those infections in non-cancer patients. However, in some cases, they become more extensive and even life threatening. Prolonged and severe neutropenia is the main risk factor for the dramatic issue of fungal infections. The dermatomycoses in cancer patients can be classified in four broad groups: primary superficial dermatophytoses, primary superficial yeast infections, opportunistic mold infections with distinct potential for dissemination and secondary cutaneous manifestations of fungaemia. Occasionally, more than one fungus are found inside a given skin lesion. A special condition is represented by the mycotic colonization of mucosal squamous cell carcinomas. Angio-invasion by fungi accounts for the frequency of disseminated infections prevailing in immunocompromised cancer patients. In case of skin involvement, the dermatologist may assist by recognizing subtle semiological signs and performing biopsies for swift histological examination, molecular biology and/or culture.

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Advances in dermatophytes and dermatophytosis

Cited by 24 publications

References 16 publications

The dermatophytes

The dermatophytes

Developments in Fungal Taxonomy

Clinicopathologic presentations of dermatomycoses in cancer patients

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