Abstract:Japan's 11 March Tohoku disaster vividly illustrates how tsunamis have the power to unleash widespread destruction on coasts, in this instance both in Japan and elsewhere after traveling across the Pacific Ocean. But when and where do coastal residents and visitors need to evacuate, and where will they be safe? During the event, computer modeling was used to forecast tsunami arrival time, duration, and wave height for communities around the Pacific. These forecasts were then used by emergency managers to ident… Show more
“…Coastal TBDEM integration seeks to improve data usability so that impacts of flooding, hurricanes, or other catastrophic events can be mapped more accurately and planning can be more effective (Eakins et al, 2011). However, coastal TBDEM integration is a complex issue because of the dynamic nature of water levels at the land/water interface (Gesch and Wilson, 2001) and the lack of consistent vertical surfaces between disparate data sources, which stems from varying orthometric and tidally referenced datums.…”
Section: Topobathymetric Digital Elevation Model Integrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Prior to TBDEM integration, all tidally referenced heights first must be transformed into orthometric heights that are normally used for mapping elevation on land. In other words, coastal TBDEM development usually requires the conversion of source elevation data to a common vertical datum to avoid errors and discontinuities in the elevation data at the land/water interface (Davidson and Miglarese, 2003;Eakins et al, 2011;Eakins and Grothe, 2014;Gesch and Wilson, 2001;Hogrefe, Wright, and Hochberg, 2008;Medeiros et al, 2011;NOAA, 2007;Thatcher et al, 2016).…”
Section: Vertical Datums and Transformationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The coastal land/water interface, or coastal zone, is a critical area because of its influence on shoreline mapping, geomorphic change analysis, and hydrodynamic modeling (Brock, Danielson, and Purkis, 2013;Buxton et al, 2013;Eakins et al, 2011;Gesch and Wilson, 2001). To better understand the coastal zone, consistently integrated topographic and bathymetric (topobathymetric) data are needed for many coastal applications (Danielson et al, 2013;Eakins and Grothe, 2014;Gesch and Wilson, 2001;Gesch, Gutierrez, and Gill, 2009;Leon et al, 2013;Poppenga et al, 2014;Stoker et al, 2009;Turnipseed et al, 2007;Tyler et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2015).…”
During the coming decades, coastlines will respond to widely predicted sea-level rise, storm surge, and coastal inundation flooding from disastrous events. Because physical processes in coastal environments are controlled by the geomorphology of over-the-land topography and underwater bathymetry, many applications of geospatial data in coastal environments require detailed knowledge of the near-shore topography and bathymetry. In this paper, an updated methodology used by the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal National Elevation Database (CoNED) Applications Project is presented for developing coastal topobathymetric elevation models (TBDEMs) from multiple topographic data sources with adjacent intertidal topobathymetric and offshore bathymetric sources to generate seamlessly integrated TBDEMs. This repeatable, updatable, and logically consistent methodology assimilates topographic data (land elevation) and bathymetry (water depth) into a seamless coastal elevation model. Within the overarching framework, vertical datum transformations are standardized in a workflow that interweaves spatially consistent interpolation (gridding) techniques with a land/water boundary mask delineation approach. Output gridded raster TBDEMs are stacked into a file storage system of mosaic datasets within an Esri ArcGIS geodatabase for efficient updating while maintaining current and updated spatially referenced metadata. Topobathymetric data provide a required seamless elevation product for several science application studies, such as shoreline delineation, coastal inundation mapping, sediment-transport, sea-level rise, storm surge models, and tsunami impact assessment. These detailed coastal elevation data are critical to depict regions prone to climate change impacts and are essential to planners and managers responsible for mitigating the associated risks and costs to both human communities and ecosystems. The CoNED methodology approach has been used to construct integrated TBDEM models in Mobile Bay, the northern Gulf of Mexico, San Francisco Bay, the Hurricane Sandy region, and southern California.
“…Coastal TBDEM integration seeks to improve data usability so that impacts of flooding, hurricanes, or other catastrophic events can be mapped more accurately and planning can be more effective (Eakins et al, 2011). However, coastal TBDEM integration is a complex issue because of the dynamic nature of water levels at the land/water interface (Gesch and Wilson, 2001) and the lack of consistent vertical surfaces between disparate data sources, which stems from varying orthometric and tidally referenced datums.…”
Section: Topobathymetric Digital Elevation Model Integrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Prior to TBDEM integration, all tidally referenced heights first must be transformed into orthometric heights that are normally used for mapping elevation on land. In other words, coastal TBDEM development usually requires the conversion of source elevation data to a common vertical datum to avoid errors and discontinuities in the elevation data at the land/water interface (Davidson and Miglarese, 2003;Eakins et al, 2011;Eakins and Grothe, 2014;Gesch and Wilson, 2001;Hogrefe, Wright, and Hochberg, 2008;Medeiros et al, 2011;NOAA, 2007;Thatcher et al, 2016).…”
Section: Vertical Datums and Transformationsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The coastal land/water interface, or coastal zone, is a critical area because of its influence on shoreline mapping, geomorphic change analysis, and hydrodynamic modeling (Brock, Danielson, and Purkis, 2013;Buxton et al, 2013;Eakins et al, 2011;Gesch and Wilson, 2001). To better understand the coastal zone, consistently integrated topographic and bathymetric (topobathymetric) data are needed for many coastal applications (Danielson et al, 2013;Eakins and Grothe, 2014;Gesch and Wilson, 2001;Gesch, Gutierrez, and Gill, 2009;Leon et al, 2013;Poppenga et al, 2014;Stoker et al, 2009;Turnipseed et al, 2007;Tyler et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2015).…”
During the coming decades, coastlines will respond to widely predicted sea-level rise, storm surge, and coastal inundation flooding from disastrous events. Because physical processes in coastal environments are controlled by the geomorphology of over-the-land topography and underwater bathymetry, many applications of geospatial data in coastal environments require detailed knowledge of the near-shore topography and bathymetry. In this paper, an updated methodology used by the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal National Elevation Database (CoNED) Applications Project is presented for developing coastal topobathymetric elevation models (TBDEMs) from multiple topographic data sources with adjacent intertidal topobathymetric and offshore bathymetric sources to generate seamlessly integrated TBDEMs. This repeatable, updatable, and logically consistent methodology assimilates topographic data (land elevation) and bathymetry (water depth) into a seamless coastal elevation model. Within the overarching framework, vertical datum transformations are standardized in a workflow that interweaves spatially consistent interpolation (gridding) techniques with a land/water boundary mask delineation approach. Output gridded raster TBDEMs are stacked into a file storage system of mosaic datasets within an Esri ArcGIS geodatabase for efficient updating while maintaining current and updated spatially referenced metadata. Topobathymetric data provide a required seamless elevation product for several science application studies, such as shoreline delineation, coastal inundation mapping, sediment-transport, sea-level rise, storm surge models, and tsunami impact assessment. These detailed coastal elevation data are critical to depict regions prone to climate change impacts and are essential to planners and managers responsible for mitigating the associated risks and costs to both human communities and ecosystems. The CoNED methodology approach has been used to construct integrated TBDEM models in Mobile Bay, the northern Gulf of Mexico, San Francisco Bay, the Hurricane Sandy region, and southern California.
“…As soon as marine and terrestrial elevation datasets started to be implemented and harmonized in a continuum dataset, the British Geological Survey introduced the new term "white ribbon" in the hydrographic sector, to designate the information gap of elevation data in the shallow area formed by the intertidal and nearshore zones, meaning the interface between land and sea. Covering the white ribbon with high-resolution bathymetric data became soon a challenge in all first attempts devoted to integrate marine and terrestrial spatial datasets (e.g., [121,124,[212][213][214][215]), and the scientific community soon realized both the relevance and the issues to be addressed in carrying out topo-bathymetric surveys [15,28,190,[216][217][218][219][220][221]. Most of the difficulties in getting elevation data in the white ribbon are caused by the water depth: it is generally too shallow for traditional bathymetric surveys (because of the draft and the need to submerge the echo-sounders keeping them at a certain distance from the seafloor to obtain an efficient coverage, and because of the unsafe conditions generated by the common occurrence of rocky outcrops and/or waves) and too deep for traditional optical land-based survey methods.…”
Section: Advances In Data Collection Technology and Data Processing Mmentioning
A comprehensive understanding of environmental changes taking place in coastal regions relies on accurate integration of both terrestrial and submerged geo-environmental datasets. However, this practice is hardly implemented because of the high (or even prohibitive) survey costs required for submerged areas and the frequent low accessibility of shallow areas. In addition, geoscientists are used to working on land or at sea independently, making the integration even more challenging. Undoubtedly new methods and techniques of offshore investigation adopted over the last 50 years and the latest advances in computer vision have played a crucial role in allowing a seamless combination of terrestrial and marine data. Although efforts towards an innovative integration of geo-environmental data from above to underwater are still in their infancy, we have identified seven topics for which this integration could be of tremendous benefit for environmental research: (1) geomorphological mapping; (2) Late-Quaternary changes of coastal landscapes; (3) geoarchaeology; (4) geoheritage and geodiversity; (5) geohazards; (6) marine and landscape ecology; and (7) coastal planning and management. Our review indicates that the realization of seamless DTMs appears to be the basic condition to operate a comprehensive integration of marine and terrestrial data sets, so far exhaustively achieved in very few case studies. Technology and interdisciplinarity will be therefore critical for the development of a holistic approach to understand our changing environments and design appropriate management measures accordingly.
“…Figure 1(color online) (A) Regional bathymetric map showing major features in study area. Bathymetry is from the coastal relief model (National Geophysical Data Center [NGDC], 1999), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) tsunami inundation Montauk zone (Eakins et al, 2009), and NOAA multibeam interpreted by the USGS (Poppe et al, 2007, 2014b). An inset shows the study area in New England.…”
Block Island Sound (BIS), in southern New England, was occupied by a glacial meltwater lake (Lake BIS) during the MIS 2 deglaciation. New CHIRP seismic data, swath bathymetry, and legacy seismic profiles from BIS provide important insights and constraints on the morphologic evolution of a glaciated margin from the last glacial maximum to present. Interpretation of seismic data revealed four well-defined sediment units: acoustic basement, glaciolacustrine varved sediments, a lag deposit, and Holocene sediment. The morphology and architecture of the sedimentary units suggest that Lake BIS drained quickly, followed by the catastrophic drainage of glacial Lake Connecticut through BIS (Lake Connecticut occupied present-day Long Island Sound). The draining waters carved depressions ~100 m deep in the floor of BIS and the region between the lakes. The waters also carved Block Island Valley, which extends across the continental shelf. Continued existence of the depressions and valley suggests a rapid transgression over these water depths and limited sediment supply. Our results show the significant impact of glacial lake outburst floods, even during a sea level transgression, and may help explain morphology observed along other glaciated margins.
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