Advances in Bioreceptor Layer Engineering in Nanomaterial‐based Sensing of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and its Metabolites

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that infects wounds and burns and causes severe infections in humans. The high virulence, the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant strains, and the easy transmissibility of P. aeruginosa necessitate its fast detection and control. The gold standard for detecting P. aeruginosa, the plate culture method, though reliable, takes several days to complete. Therefore, developing accurate, rapid, and easy‐to‐use diagnostic tools for P. aeruginosa is highly desirable. Nanomaterial‐based biosensors are at the forefront of detecting P. aeruginosa and its secondary metabolites. This review summarises the biorecognition elements, biomarkers, immobilisation strategies, and current state‐of‐the‐art biosensors for P. aeruginosa. The review highlights the underlying principles of bioreceptor layer engineering and the design of nanomaterial‐based optical, electrochemical, mass‐based, and thermal biosensors. The advantages and disadvantages of these biosensors and their future point‐of‐care applications are also discussed.