Advances in Bioelectrode Design for Developing Electrochemical Biosensors

Abstract

The critical performance factors such as selectivity, sensitivity, operational and storage stability, and response time of electrochemical biosensors are governed mainly by the function of their key component, the bioelectrode. Suitable design and fabrication strategies of the bioelectrode interface are essential for realizing the requisite performance of the biosensors for their practical utility. A multifaceted attempt to achieve this goal is visible from the vast literature exploring effective strategies for preparing, immobilizing, and stabilizing biorecognition elements on the electrode surface and efficient transduction of biochemical signals into electrical ones (i.e., current, voltage, and impedance) through the bioelectrode interface with the aid of advanced materials and techniques. The commercial success of biosensors in modern society is also increasingly influenced by their size (and hence portability), multiplexing capability, and coupling in the interface of the wireless communication technology, which facilitates quick data transfer and linked decision-making processes in real-time in different areas such as healthcare, agriculture, food, and environmental applications. Therefore, fabrication of the bioelectrode involves careful selection and control of several parameters, including biorecognition elements, electrode materials, shape and size of the electrode, detection principles, and various fabrication strategies, including microscale and printing technologies. This review discusses recent trends in bioelectrode designs and fabrications for developing electrochemical biosensors. The discussions have been delineated into the types of biorecognition elements and their immobilization strategies, signal transduction approaches, commonly used advanced materials for electrode fabrication and techniques for fabricating the bioelectrodes, and device integration with modern electronic communication technology for developing electrochemical biosensors of commercial interest.

Fueling the Future: The Emergence of Self-Powered Enzymatic Biofuel Cell Biosensors

“…Research has focused on advancements in electrode materials, device structures, and various modification techniques to enhance the performance of BFCs [25]. Advances in new electrode materials further improve biosensor designs and enhance the coupling for electron transfer rates [31]. In recent years, significant strides have been made in developing novel electrode materials and electrolytes or modifying existing ones in electrochemical systems.…”

Macromolecule–Nanoparticle-Based Hybrid Materials for Biosensor Applications

“…In order to ensure effective charge transfer in biosensors, fabrication techniques play a critical role in optimizing the interface between the working electrode and biomolecules [ 70 ]. These adaptable methods, which are designed for particular biosensing applications, include photolithography, screen printing, and thin film deposition, among others [ 71 , 72 ]. Thin film deposition creates a homogeneous surface for biomolecule immobilization by precisely depositing conductive materials, like carbon, platinum, or gold, onto a substrate [ 73 , 74 ].…”

Perspective—Assessing Electrochemical, Aptamer-Based Sensors for Dynamic Monitoring of Cellular Signaling

“… 35 A review of various electrochemical biosensors, including a discussion of these analysis techniques, can be found in Ref. 36 .…”