Advances in Bio‐based Thermosetting Polymers

Rouméas, Laurent; Billerach, Guillaume; Aouf, Chahinez; Dubreucq, Éric

doi:10.1002/9781119427896.ch11

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 187 publications

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“…A number of bio-based aromatic polyphenols have been investigated as potential replacements for BPA. 3,5,6 Major industrial-scale sources of ready-made aromatic polyols include hydrolyzable and condensed tannins, cardanol from cashew nut shell liquid, and lignin. 3,4,6 Lignin has been extensively studied as a feedstock for bio-based thermosetting polymers as it is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer on the planet.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Bio-Based Epoxy Thermoset Polymers from Depolymerized Native Lignins Produced at the Pilot Scale

2020

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Producing the next generation of thermoset polymers from renewable sources is an important sustainability goal. Hydrogenolysis of pinewood lignin was scaled up for the first time from lab scale to a 50 L pilot-scale reactor, producing a range of depolymerized lignin oils under different conditions. These lignin hydrogenolysis oils were glycidylated, blended with bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, and cured to give epoxy thermoset polymers. The thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy polymers were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, flexural testing, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Replacing up to 67% of the bisphenol A epoxy with the lignin oil epoxies resulted in cured epoxy polymers with improvements of up to 25% in flexural stiffness and strength. Considerable scope exists in simplifying and scaling up the hydrogenolysis process to produce depolymerized lignins that can substitute established petrochemicals in the quest for renewable high-performance thermoset polymers.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Bio-Based Epoxy Thermoset Polymers from Depolymerized Native Lignins Produced at the Pilot Scale

2020

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“…Over 90% of epoxy resins are based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), with a global market that was estimated to be worth $34 billion by 2022 . Because BPA is a known endocrine disruptor, there is also environmental and health reasons to seek safer, more sustainable biobased alternatives. ,, Due to its widespread use, complete replacement of BPA in the immediate future is an unlikely scenario. Partial replacement of BPA with functionally equivalent alternatives is a more feasible nearer term strategy that could help the polymer industry transition to biobased substitutes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biobased Epoxy Thermoset Polymers from Depolymerized Native Hardwood Lignin

et al. 2020

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Biobased epoxy thermoset polymers were prepared from lignin hydrogenolysis oils produced from native hardwood lignin. Native lignin in Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus saligna wood was reacted in situ under Pd-catalyzed mild hydrogenolysis conditions to give depolymerized lignin oils in yields up to 98 wt %. Reacting these lignin oils with epichlorohydrin produced biobased epoxy resins. Blending these resins with nonrenewable bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in different proportions, and curing with diethylenetriamine, produced a series of epoxy thermoset polymers with varying biobased content. Up to 67% of the BADGE could be replaced with hardwood lignin-derived epoxy resins while achieving superior or equivalent mechanical properties to the BADGE control polymer. Comparing the performance of lignin-based epoxy polymers from eucalyptus and pine wood provided insights into the advantages and disadvantages of using hardwood versus softwood native lignins in the quest for high performance biobased thermoset polymers.

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“…Although the relationship between lignin quantities (monolignols) and application in pulping processing efficiency, biofuel, and forage digestibility has been widely understood, the toxicology effects of the different structure of monolignols are rarely studied (Ayyachamy et al, 2013). The toxicity study for these monolignols is important especially after biosourced polyphenols have been regarded as promising alternatives to petroleum‐based phenol to produce various bio‐based thermosets (Fulcrand et al, 2019). Further studies on the effects of different catalysis reactions on polymer toxicity need to be conducted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of differential lignin S/G ratios on mutagenicity and chicken embryonic toxicity

Zhang

Levia

Ebikade

et al. 2021

J of Applied Toxicology

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Lignin and lignin‐based materials have received considerable attention in various fields due to their promise as sustainable feedstocks. Guaiacol (G) and syringol (S) are two primary monolignols that occur in different ratios for different plant species. As methoxyphenols, G and S have been targeted as atmospheric pollutants and their acute toxicity examined. However, there is a rare understanding of the toxicological properties on other endpoints and mixture effects of these monolignols. To fill this knowledge gap, our study investigated the impact of different S/G ratios (0.5, 1, and 2) and three lignin depolymerization samples from poplar, pine, and miscanthus species on mutagenicity and developmental toxicity. A multitiered method consisted of in silico simulation, in vitro Ames test, and in vivo chicken embryonic assay was employed. In the Ames test, syringol showed a sign of mutagenicity, whereas guaiacol did not, which agreed with the T.E.S.T. simulation. For three S and G mixture and lignin monomers, mutagenic activity was related to the proportion of syringol. In addition, both S and G showed developmental toxicity in the chicken embryonic assay and T.E.S.T. simulation, and guaiacol had a severe effect on lipid peroxidation. A similar trend and comparable developmental toxicity levels were detected for S and G mixtures and the three lignin depolymerized monomers. This study provides data and insights on the differential toxicity of varying S/G ratios for some important building blocks for bio‐based materials.

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Advances in Bio‐based Thermosetting Polymers

Cited by 12 publications

References 187 publications

Toward Bio-Based Epoxy Thermoset Polymers from Depolymerized Native Lignins Produced at the Pilot Scale

Toward Bio-Based Epoxy Thermoset Polymers from Depolymerized Native Lignins Produced at the Pilot Scale

Biobased Epoxy Thermoset Polymers from Depolymerized Native Hardwood Lignin

The impact of differential lignin S/G ratios on mutagenicity and chicken embryonic toxicity

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