Advances in Bacterial Biofilm Management for Maintaining Microbiome Homeostasis

Abstract

Certain microbial biofilm in the human-microbiota community can negatively impact the host microbiome. This gives rise to various methods to prevent the formation of biofilms or to facilitate biofilm dispersal from surfaces and tissues in the host. Despite all these efforts, these persistent microbial biofilms on surfaces and in the host tissue can result in health problems to the host and its microbiome. It is the adaptive behavior of microbes within the biofilm that confers on these tenacious microbes the resistance to harsh environments, antibiotic treatments, and the ability to evade the host immune system. In this review, the approaches to combat microbial biofilm in the last decade are discussed. The biochemical pathway regulating biofilm formation is first discussed, followed by the discussion of the three approaches to combat biofilm formation: physical, chemical, and biological approaches. The advances in these approaches have given rise to methods of effectively dispersing the microbial biofilm and preventing the adherence of these microbial communities altogether. As there are numerous approaches to target biofilm, in this review the attempt is to provide insights on how these approaches have been used to modulate the host-microbiome by looking at the individual strengths and weaknesses.

Initial cyclic‐di‐GMP upregulation triggers sporadic cellular expansion leading to improved cellular survival

“…We observed an initial upregulation of yccT in K12 during the initial 16 h post‐induction, showing a maximal increase of 32.1% of yccT expression at 12 h post‐induction (Figure 4A, and Figure S26). yccT gene expression is known to be involved in energy production and cellular expansion, regulated by the master regulator csgD 26 . However, rapA and rnhA were downregulated in K12 and PAO1, expressing either ydeH or mydeH.…”

“…yccT gene expression is known to be involved in energy production and cellular expansion, regulated by the master regulator csgD. 26 However, rapA and rnhA were downregulated in K12 and PAO1, expressing either ydeH or mydeH.…”

Elucidation of Gram-Positive Bacterial Iron(III) Reduction for Kaolinite Clay Refinement

“…It is fascinating that the 0.1 LB showed an improved accumulation of ferrous ions in the medium. In the presence of ferric(III)oxide salt or kaolin clay, B. cereus triggers further basification of the media, causing the microbes to readily adhere to the crystalline ferric(III)oxide surface [ 19 ] ( Figure 6 a). In response, yxeB (an iron(II+) hydroxamate-binding protein) shuttles the ferric oxide into the microbial cytoplasm through the means of siderophores ferrioxamine B/desferrioxamine B [ 20 ].…”

Integrating Systems and Synthetic Biology to Understand and Engineer Microbiomes

“…In biofilms, a predominant form of microbial life in nature (25), the occurrence of intracolony channels can mediate the transfer of molecules to cells that are deeply embedded in the matrix (26). Although biofilms can be exploited for specific applications such as lignocellulose valorization (27) and environmental remediation (28), they can be detrimental in the context of human disease (29). Beyond biofilms, microbes can also self-organize to establish complex physical structures in the environment.…”