Advances in assembled micro- and nanoscale mechanical contact probes

Abstract

The micro- and nanoscale characterization and mapping of surface properties and surface behaviour is critical to both physical and biological science. Mechanical contact probes are a critical tool for investigating surface and interface science, and have seen greater development and a diversification in recent years. In particular, mechanical contact probes that have been fabricated from the bottom-up by the assembly of synthesized nano- or microscale materials can provide enhanced functionality and sensitivity over traditional microcantilevers. This work provides an overview of recent developments in the field of assembled micro- and nanoscale mechanical contact probes, with a specific focus on three probe types: colloidal particle probes with high aspect ratio and a high lateral sensitivity, one-dimensional probes comprising of nanotube and/or nanowire deflection elements, and liquid metal-based probes. For each probe type, the state-of-the-art is reviewed, and their assembly, design, functionality and capabilities are discussed. An outlook on the future direction of probe development and potential applications is also given.

Frictional behavior of one-dimensional materials: an experimental perspective

“…For example, lateral forces measured by AFM may originate from interactions between the AFM tip and 1D materials, between 1D materials and the substrate, or between the AFM tip and the substrate, making it challenging to differentiate. [182][183][184][185] Additionally, the frictional forces experienced by exible 1D materials during movement on the substrate, especially static frictional forces, are oen non-uniform along the length direction of the 1D materials. As AFM measurements lack real-time visual characteristics, complex mechanical models must be used for derivation, potentially leading to signicant errors in the obtained results.…”

Applications of AFM in Membrane Characterization and Fouling Analysis

“…When measuring surface forces using AFM probes, the effective radius needs to be estimated based on the probe’s shape and size for the normalization of interaction forces. However, due to the irregular geometry of original conical tips and the difficulty in precise determination, errors may occur in estimating the effective radius, making it challenging to directly use theoretical models. Using spherical colloidal particles attached to the tip can overcome this issue, as their precise spherical shape is suitable for well-established adhesion contact models. − …”