Advances in apple culture worldwide

Abstract

-Over the last 60 years, planting densities for apple have increased as improved management systems have been developed. Dwarfing rootstocks have been the key to the dramatic changes in tree size, spacing and early production. The Malling series of dwarfing rootstocks (M.9 and M.26) have been the most important dwarfing rootstocks in the world but are poorly adapted in some areas of the world and they are susceptible to the bacterial disease fire blight and the soil disease complex, apple replant disease which limits their uses in some areas. Rootstock breeding programs in several parts of the world are developing improved rootstocks with resistance to fire blight, and replant disease, and improved cold hardiness and yield efficiency. A second important trend has been the increasing importance of new cultivars. New cultivars have provided opportunities for higher prices until they are over-produced. A new trend is the "variety club" in which variety owners manage the production and marketing of a new unique cultivar to bring higher prices to the growers and variety owners. This has led to many fruit growers being unable to plant or grow some new cultivars. Important rootstock and cultivar genes have been mapped and can be used in marker assisted selection of future rootstock and cultivar selections. Other important improvements in apple culture include the development of pre-formed trees, the development of minimal pruning strategies and limb angle bending which have also contributed to the dramatic changes in early production in the 2 nd -5 th years after planting. Studies on light interception and distribution have led to improved tree forms with better fruit quality. Simple pruning strategies and labor positioning platform machines have resulted in partial mechanization of pruning which has reduced management costs. Improved plant growth regulators for thinning and the development of a thinning prediction model based on tree carbohydrate balance have improved the ability to produce the optimum fruit size and crop load. Other new plant growth regulators have also allowed control of shoot growth, control of preharvest fruit drop and control of fruit softening in storage after harvest. As we look to the future, there will be continued incremental improvement in our understanding of plant physiology that will lead to continued incremental improvements in orchard management but there is likely to be dramatic changes in orchard production systems through genomics research and genetic engineering. A greater understanding of the genetic control of dwarfing, precocity, rooting, vegetative growth, flowering, fruit growth and disease resistance which will lead to new varieties and rootstocks which are less expensive to grow and manage. Index terms: planting system, tree density, tree shape, rootstock, light interception, light distribution, feathered trees, tree training, limb angle, pruning, profitability, genome mapping. AVANÇOS NA POMICULTURA MUNDIALRESUMO: Nos últimos 60 anos, as densidades de plantio para ...

Characterization of Apple Pectin – A Chromatographic Approach

“…The major advances in the cultivation of apples are listed by [9] and include the development of new varieties and disposal of others in the process of applying emerging research processes. Granny Smith, Gala, Fuji, Jonagold, Pink Lady and Empire are all types of apples that have excelled more effectively than expected.…”

“…The dwarfing of apples is regarded as an improvement as well as the optimization of planting density systems, with the solution of problems of overheating solved by setting branches at angles, which demonstrates the practical aspects of the solutions. The development of growth regulators and genomics shows the dependence on current scientific development [9].…”

Productive Performance of ‘Fuji’ Apple Trees on ‘Jm’ Series Rootstocks, in São Joaquim/Sc

“…In 2015, fruits of M.7 were smaller than the other rootstocks. Reduction in fruit weight is often correlated with higher crop load (ROBINSON, 2011) and it partially explains the differences among rootstocks in 2012, where the greatest fruit weight was observed with JM.5 that had the lowest number of fruits. however, in 2015, no differences in the number of fruit per tree were observed among rootstocks (Table 2) whereas M.7 showed the smallest fruit weight (Table 3).…”

Desempenho produtivo de macieiras 'Royal Gala' e 'Fuji' submetidas a diferentes densidades de plantio e porta-enxertos

“…A densidade de cultivo da macieira geralmente é aumentada pela redução do espaçamento entre plantas, já que as operações mecanizadas de manejo impõem limites para a redução da distância nas entrelinhas (Policarpo et al, 2006). Atualmente, a densidade utilizada em plantios modernos varia de 1.000 a 6.000 plantas ha -1 , com uso de até 10.000 plantas ha -1 em alguns sistemas (Robinson, 2011a). No entanto, estudos recentes mostraram que o melhor retorno econômico é obtido com densidades de plantio entre 2.000 e 3.200 plantas ha -1 (James & Middleton, 2011;Robinson et al, 2013).…”