Advances in 4D Printing: Materials and Applications

Xiao, Kun; Roach, Devin J.; Wu, Jiangtao; Hamel, Craig M.; Ding, Zhaozhao; Wang, Zhihui; Dunn, Martin L.; Hu, Qi

doi:10.1002/adfm.201805290

Cited by 684 publications

(406 citation statements)

References 217 publications

(332 reference statements)

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“…Empowered by the emerging 3D printing technology [46][47][48][49][50][51][52] , it becomes highly feasible to fabricate complex multi-material architectures at a wide range of length scales. In addition, the mechanicsguided design approach is a pressing necessity as we enter this new era with increasing demands on reconfigurable materials and systems 53,54 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symmetry-Breaking Actuation Mechanism for Soft Robotics and Active Metamaterials

Zhang

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

139

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Magnetic-responsive composites that consist of soft matrix embedded with hard-magnetic particles have recently been demonstrated as robust soft active materials for fast-transforming actuation. However, the deformation of the functional components commonly attains only a single actuation mode under external stimuli, which limits their capability of achieving tunable properties.To greatly enhance the versatility of soft active materials, we exploit a new class of programmable magnetic-responsive composites incorporated with a multifunctional joint design that allows asymmetric multimodal actuation under an external stimulation. We demonstrate that the proposed asymmetric multimodal actuation enables a plethora of novel applications ranging from the basic 1D/2D active structures with asymmetric shape-shifting to biomimetic crawling and swimming robots with efficient dynamic performance as well as 2D metamaterials with tunable properties.This new asymmetric multimodal actuation mechanism will open new avenues for the design of next-generation multifunctional soft robots, biomedical devices, and acoustic metamaterials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symmetry-Breaking Actuation Mechanism for Soft Robotics and Active Metamaterials

Zhang

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

139

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“…The flow‐induced alignment of the LC oligomers was also applied to the preparation of LC elastomers through 3D printing technology . A mixture containing LC oligomers was used as ink for 3D printing, which was extruded under melting.…”

Section: Recent Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photomobile Polymer Materials with Complex 3D Deformation, Continuous Motions, Self‐Regulation, and Enhanced Processability

Ube

Ikeda

2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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Liquid‐crystalline polymers with photodeformable properties have been extensively studied due to their ability of wireless conversion of light energy into mechanical work. With the development of crosslinked liquid‐crystalline polymers, various 3D motions, such as bending, twisting, oscillation, rotation, and translational motion have been successfully induced. Recent trends for developing soft robots and microrobots accelerate the progress of photomobile polymer materials. This review is focused on recent advances in the field of photomobile materials based on liquid‐crystalline polymers. The structure–function relationship in photomobile polymer materials is overviewed, and the progress in recent years is detailed in terms of complex 3D deformation, continuous motions, self‐regulation, and processability.

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“…Bringing dynamics in 3D printed objects is nowadays one of the most important challenges for additive manufacturing: the ability to change the shape of 3D printed structures is also called 4D printing. 4D printing aims at exploiting advanced materials responding to external stimuli to program the actions of the printed objects . Several stimuli‐responsive materials—e.g., electroactive polymers, hydrogels, and nanocomposites—have been investigated for a broad variety of applications, from micro‐ and soft‐robotics to biomedicine .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing of Magnetoresponsive Polymeric Materials with Tunable Mechanical and Magnetic Properties by Digital Light Processing

Lantean

Barrera

Pirri

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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nanocomposites [12][13][14][15] -have been investigated for a broad variety of applications, from micro-and soft-robotics [10,[16][17][18] to biomedicine. [19][20][21][22][23][24] Among the different strategies, an accessible pathway to fabricate stimuli-responsive (4D) printed objects consists in magnetizing a soft-polymer by loading the polymeric matrix with magnetic fillers, such as particles of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) or neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB). [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Direct ink writing (DIW) and fused filament fabrication (FFF) have been used to fabricate fast responding actuators, [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] inks containing high loads of magnetic fillers [41] and 2D planar structures that exploit folding and unfolding processes. [42] Additionally, 3D printed permanent magnets were developed. [43][44][45][46][47][48] However, both DIW and FFF present some drawbacks: first in terms of resolution; second in terms of the dispersion of the fillers, that may lead to nonhomogeneous magnetic response; and third in terms of temperature of processing, which could be not compatible with the fillers. [48,49] For the last one, the temperature can be decreased using some additives, however this approach may affect the mechanical performances of devices. [41] An alternative to DIW and FFF is digital light processing (DLP). This vat polymerization 3D printing technology involves the use of photosensitive (liquid) resins which are able to cure (i.e., to solidify) upon irradiation with a suitable light source. In DLP, a digital light projector (digital micromirror device) illuminates a photocurable resin with a 2D pixel pattern allowing the curing of single slices of the 3D object. [50][51][52] The aforementioned drawbacks associated to DIW and FFF can be overcome by the use of DLP. Indeed: (i) the printing resolution in DLP belongs to the pixel dimensions and it is generally higher than DIW and FFF, [53,54] (ii) in DLP the dispersion of the fillers is easier to control since liquid formulations are used; and (iii) the fabrication process generally occurs at room temperature. Nevertheless, two precautions must be taken into account: first, the increase of the content of nanoparticles may affect the photopolymerization process since they compete with the photoinitiator in absorbing the incident radiation; and second, the dispersion of the fillers must be stable for the whole printing procedure in order to print an object whose response is homogeneous to an external input. For the latter, macroscopic sedimentation, segregation, and spatial inhomogeneity must be avoided.Digital light processing is used for printing magnetoresponsive polymeric materials with tunable mechanical and magnetic properties. Mechanical properties are tailored, from stiff to soft, by combining urethane-acrylate resins with butyl acrylate as the reactive diluent. The magnetic response of the printed samples is tuned by changing the Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle loading up to 6 wt%. Following this strategy, magnetoresponsive active components ar...

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Advances in 4D Printing: Materials and Applications

Cited by 684 publications

References 217 publications

Symmetry-Breaking Actuation Mechanism for Soft Robotics and Active Metamaterials

Symmetry-Breaking Actuation Mechanism for Soft Robotics and Active Metamaterials

Photomobile Polymer Materials with Complex 3D Deformation, Continuous Motions, Self‐Regulation, and Enhanced Processability

3D Printing of Magnetoresponsive Polymeric Materials with Tunable Mechanical and Magnetic Properties by Digital Light Processing

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