Advances in 4D printing: from stimulation to simulation

Dawre, Shilpa; Dhapte‐Pawar, Vividha; Dhas, Namdev; Rajput, Amarjitsing

doi:10.1007/s13346-022-01200-y

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…9 Nevertheless, 4D printing is still in its earliest development stage, and substantial efforts must be made for its real-world application. 10,11 Availability and costs of printable smart materials, scalability, affordability, and simplicity of the printing technology are some of the key challenges that need to be addressed. 11,12 Shape-memory polymers (SMP) and smart hydrogels are the two most commonly used polymeric materials for 4D printing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,11 Availability and costs of printable smart materials, scalability, affordability, and simplicity of the printing technology are some of the key challenges that need to be addressed. 11,12 Shape-memory polymers (SMP) and smart hydrogels are the two most commonly used polymeric materials for 4D printing. 13 SMP-based 4D printing is accomplished chiefly by a series of thermomechanical programming, which consists of 3D printing of SMP, heating, fixing a temporary shape under a mechanical load, cooling, mechanical unloading, and final actuation by heat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is a revolutionary version of 3D printing, in which the size, shape, dimension, and physiochemical properties of printed structures can be dynamically programmed with the aid of various stimuli, such as pH, temperature, electricity, and magnet. , 4D printing is a space-age technique that has incredible potential in numerous applications, particularly where dynamic adaptation is required, e.g., soft robotics, aerospace, and biomedical application . Nevertheless, 4D printing is still in its earliest development stage, and substantial efforts must be made for its real-world application. , Availability and costs of printable smart materials, scalability, affordability, and simplicity of the printing technology are some of the key challenges that need to be addressed. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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4D Printing of Body Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Poly(acrylic acid) with Shape-Memory and Self-Healing Abilities

Abdullah

Okay

2023

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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Additive manufacturing of smart materials that can be dynamically programmed with external stimuli is known as 4D printing. Among the 4D printable materials, hydrogels are the most extensively studied materials in various biomedical areas because of their hierarchical structure, similarity to native human tissues, and supreme bioactivity. However, conventional smart hydrogels suffer from poor mechanical properties, slow actuation speed, and instability of actuated shape. Herein, we present 4D-printed hydrogels based on poly(acrylic acid) that can concurrently possess shape-memory and self-healing properties. The printing of the hydrogels is achieved by solvent-free copolymerization of the hydrophilic acrylic acid (AAc) and hydrophobic hexadecyl acrylate (C16A) monomers in the presence of TPO photoinitiator using a stereolithography-based commercial resin printer followed by swelling in water. The printed hydrogels undergo a reversible strong-to-weak gel transition below and above human body temperature due to the melting and crystallization of the hydrophobic C16A domains. In this way, the shape-memory and self-healing properties of the hydrogels can be magically actuated near the body temperature by adjusting the molar ratio of the monomers. Furthermore, the printed hydrogels display a high Young’s modulus (up to ∼215 MPa) and high toughness (up to ∼7 MJ/m3), and their mechanical properties can be tuned from brittle to ductile by reducing the molar fraction of C16A, or the deformation speed. Overall, the developed 4D printable hydrogels have great potential for various biomedical applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

4D Printing of Body Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Poly(acrylic acid) with Shape-Memory and Self-Healing Abilities

Abdullah

Okay

2023

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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“…Current 3D bioprinting approaches are limited by the lack of temporal control of the printed construct to recreate dynamic tissue complexity and functionality. , Emerging four-dimensional (4D) printing techniques can address this bottleneck by providing temporal control over the deformations of the printed scaffold to realize complex and out-of-plane tissue architectures . 4D printing leverages external cues, such as temperature, solvents, light, magnetic fields, etc., to tune the configurations and/or properties of 3D-printed scaffolds for a broad spectrum of materials, including metal alloys, thermoplastics, , and hydrogels, with potential applications in many fields. Several demonstrated 4D-printed structures often involve cytotoxic materials or stimuli to realize the target geometrical shapes, which limits their use in bioprinting.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible Light-Based 4D-Bioprinted Tissue Scaffold

Gugulothu

Chatterjee

2023

ACS Macro Lett.

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Emerging four-dimensional (4D) printing strategies offer improved alternatives to conventional three-dimensional (3D)bioprinted structures for better compliance and simplicity of application for tissue engineering. Little is reported on simple 3Dbioprinted structures prepared by digital light processing (DLP) that can change shape-to-complex constructs (4D bioprinting) in response to cell-friendly stimuli, such as hydration. In the current research work, a bioink consisting of a blend of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM) with a photoinitiator and a photoabsorber was developed and printed by DLP-based 3D bioprinting operated with visible light (405 nm). The 3D-bioprinted constructs combined with differential cross-linking due to photoabsorber-induced light attenuation were leveraged to realize structural anisotropy, which led to rapid shape deformation (as low as ≈30 min) upon hydration. The sheet thickness influenced the degree of curvature, whereas the incorporation of angled strands provided control of the deformation of the 3D-printed structure. The 4Dbioprinted gels supported the viability and proliferation of cells. Overall, this study introduces a cytocompatible bioink formulation for 4D bioprinting to yield shape-morphing, cell-laden hydrogels for tissue engineering.

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Recent Advances in the Additive Manufacturing of Stimuli‐Responsive Soft Polymers

Tariq,

Arif,

Khalid

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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Stimuli‐responsive polymers (SRPs) are special types of soft materials, which have been extensively used for developing flexible actuators, soft robots, wearable devices, sensors, self‐expanding structures, and biomedical devices, thanks to their ability to change their shapes and functional properties in response to external stimuli including light, humidity, heat, pH, electric field, solvent, and magnetic field or combinations of two or more of these stimuli. In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) aka three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology of these SRPs, also known as four‐dimensional (4D) printing, has gained phenomenal attention in different engineering fields, thanks to its unique ability to develop complex, personalized, and innovative structures, which undergo twisting, elongating, swelling, rolling, shrinking, bending, spiraling, and other complex morphological transformations. Herein, an effort has been made to provide insightful information about the AM techniques, type of SRPs, and their applications including, but not limited to tissue engineering, soft robots, bionics, actuators, sensors, construction, and smart textiles. This article also incorporates the current challenges and prospects, hoping to provide an insightful basis for the utilization of this technology in different engineering fields. It is expected that the amalgamation of 3D printing with SRPs would provide unparalleled advantages in different engineering arenas.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Advances in 4D printing: from stimulation to simulation

Cited by 28 publications

References 164 publications

4D Printing of Body Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Poly(acrylic acid) with Shape-Memory and Self-Healing Abilities

4D Printing of Body Temperature-Responsive Hydrogels Based on Poly(acrylic acid) with Shape-Memory and Self-Healing Abilities

Visible Light-Based 4D-Bioprinted Tissue Scaffold

Recent Advances in the Additive Manufacturing of Stimuli‐Responsive Soft Polymers

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