Advances by China in deep Seabed mining and its security implications for India

Agarwala, Nitin

doi:10.1080/18366503.2021.1871810

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In conjunction with the rapid expansion of its crewed and autonomous submersible capability, China has greatly increased its surface-based exploration capability and activity over the past 20 years. The number of naval, coast guard, merchant, research, and fishing ships that China operates has increased dramatically in the past ten years (Agarwala, 2021). The number of government research vessels operating outside its national jurisdiction far exceeds that of any other country (Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 2020).…”

Section: Chinese Government Positions and Statements About Seabed Miningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of government research vessels operating outside its national jurisdiction far exceeds that of any other country (Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 2020). Research cruises are increasingly venturing well beyond Chinese jurisdictional waters, conducting a wide range of meteorological, oceanographic, and bathymetric measurements and technology demonstrations (Agarwala, 2021;Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 2020;Martinson and Dutton, 2018).…”

Section: Chinese Government Positions and Statements About Seabed Miningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some observers have drawn a connection between China's maritime exploration activities associated with seabed mining and its military capabilities and strategic objectives (e.g., Agarwala, 2021;Alexander Gray, 2021;Martinson and Dutton, 2018;and Vats, 2020). A recurring theme in these articles is that deep seabed mining exploration has "a significant military component" (Alexander Gray, 2021).…”

Section: Seabed Mining Exploration As Support For Military Capability...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

China's Role in the Global Development of Critical Resources: Case Studies in Coal Power, Electricity Transmission, and Seabed Mining

2022

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Section: Chinese Government Positions and Statements About Seabed Miningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chinese Government Positions and Statements About Seabed Miningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Seabed Mining Exploration As Support For Military Capability...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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China's Role in the Global Development of Critical Resources: Case Studies in Coal Power, Electricity Transmission, and Seabed Mining

2022

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“…As for their usage, media reports indicate that both the US and China have been using them for intelligence gathering and surveillance extensively. The US have been utilizing their UUVs off the coast of China (Truver, 2012;Agerholm, 2016) and the Gulf region (Ervin et al, 2014), where their navies have been extensively employed, while the Chinese have been using theirs in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean to monitor and gather intelligence on the littorals in the region (Agarwala, 2021b).…”

Section: Who Is Using It and For What Gains?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While there are numerous models and types of UUVs (both ROVs and AUVs combined), the model to be inducted would entirely depend on the mission profile and the required range of operation. However, existing ocean observation systems, such as submerged floats, gliders, and tsunami warning buoys, can be used to collect ocean-based intelligence, even for military use, as has been displayed by China (Agarwala, 2021b). With technological advances of using seabed moorings as points for data transfer, charging, and communication, the effectiveness of UUVs in waters away from coasts can be enhanced.…”

Section: 16mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating UUVs for naval applications

Agarwala¹

2021

Marit. Technol. Res.

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Underwater surveillance technology was an advent of the Cold War. This technology saw numerous advancements only once the technology was declassified and pursued by academia. One such advancement in the maritime domain was the development of the Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) that has the ability to enhance war-fighting capabilities while de-risking human life. Though this technology has since been commercialised, it has found limited takers in the Navy. The limited inroad it has made has been driven primarily by the developers and the governments that fund them. However, since this technology offers numerous benefits to the military it needs to be integrated into the Navy sooner than later. This essentially means that to achieve greater acceptance for naval use/ applications, integrating this technology into the Navy is essential. This in return requires numerous queries to be answered and facts understood to create greater confidence in the technology and its potential. Accordingly, some of these queries that can help address the knowledge gaps to facilitate future acceptance and induction of the UUV technology into the Navy are discussed. Though an attempt to provide comprehensive answers has been made, these answers are not considered complete but only a start point for a debate. As it stands, the technology exists; however, it is a lack of imagination that is disallowing its usage.

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Understanding and analysing the complex causality of conflicts over marine environments through process tracing

et al. 2023

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As economic activity in marine environments accelerates and expands, conflicts may increase following increased demand over marine resources, unequal distribution of benefits, as well as fluctuating resource availability and quality due to climate change. Anticipation and resolution of these conflicts require understanding of the causal mechanisms through which they originate and persist. Process tracing is a promising social science method that allows producing this knowledge by sequentially ordering events that produce conflict. The aim of this paper is to introduce process tracing as a method for the study of conflicts over marine environments and to assess how the method so far is used in previous studies of conflicts over marine environments. Our review of these studies reveals that scholars of conflicts over marine environments tend to apply process tracing using a deductive approach and a probabilistic understanding of causal mechanisms. The causal mechanisms that are identified to understand the dynamics that drive conflicts over marine environments often include power dynamics between states, institutions, movements or communities. Less articulated is how local social dynamics drives conflicts and how scholars select their cases to represent a wider population of conflicts. We conclude that applying a micro-sociological approach, more attention to case selection, and the interaction between contexts and mechanisms are promising ways forward for further use of process tracing in maritime studies.

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Advances by China in deep Seabed mining and its security implications for India

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

China's Role in the Global Development of Critical Resources: Case Studies in Coal Power, Electricity Transmission, and Seabed Mining

China's Role in the Global Development of Critical Resources: Case Studies in Coal Power, Electricity Transmission, and Seabed Mining

Integrating UUVs for naval applications

Understanding and analysing the complex causality of conflicts over marine environments through process tracing

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