Advances and limitations in the determination and assessment of gunshot residue in the environment

Black, Oscar; Smith, Samuel Cole; Roper, Courtney

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111689

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…These single-metal particles are generally smaller (i.e., have lower mass) than the multi-metal particles and are more difficult to classify as IGSR because they may also be detected in environmental and background samples. 36,37 In Fig. 1, we provide heatmaps of all quantified elements in multi-metal particles of both IGSR types, from which clear compositional differences between the INC and WIN primers are evident.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental Characterization of Leaded and Lead-Free Inorganic Primer Gunshot Residue Standards Using Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2022

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This study describes the use of single particle inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (spICP-TOFMS) for the detection and classification of inorganic gunshot residue (IGSR) particles. To establish reliable multi-element criteria to classify IGSR particles, leaded and lead-free IGSR reference materials were analyzed, and the elemental compositions of the individual particles were quantified. The results suggest that expanded element compositions may be used to classify IGSR particles via spICP-TOFMS compared to those used in conventional IGSR analysis using scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). For spICP-TOFMS analysis of leaded IGSR particles, classification may be based on the presence of lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and barium (Ba) just as in SEM-EDS; however, additional particle types, such as lead-copper (Pb–Cu) particles, contribute significantly (∼30%) to the leaded IGSR particle population. In lead-free IGSR particles, the dominate multi-metal particle composition found is titanium–zinc (Ti–Zn) with a conserved Zn:Ti ratio of 1.4:1, but other elements, such as copper (Cu), are also characteristic. In mixtures of the two IGSR reference materials, we were able to classify over 80% of the multi-metal particles detected with no false-positive particle-type assignments. With spICP-TOFMS, particles smaller than those typically measured by SEM-EDS are detected, with estimated median diameters for leaded and lead-free IGSR of 180 and 320 nm, respectively. Through measuring these smaller particles, up to ∼two times more particles per mL are recorded by spICP-TOFMS compared to that found by SEM-EDS. Overall, high-sensitivity and high-throughput analysis using spICP-TOFMS enables quantitative, rapid multi-elemental characterization, and classification of individual IGSR particles.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental Characterization of Leaded and Lead-Free Inorganic Primer Gunshot Residue Standards Using Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2022

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“…A quick perusal of the 11 reviews published on "gunshot residue" in 2021 indicate that only seven reviews are specific to GSR (see titles 1-7 in Table 3), but this is still a considerable percentage [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]. Four out of the seven GSR reviews focus on (often very specific) methods.…”

Section: Gunshot Residue (Gsr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards More Relevance in Forensic Science Research and Development

et al. 2022

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“…Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive, sensitive, and specific analytical method in which monochromatic laser light is focused on a sample, and the resulting inelastically scattered radiation is analyzed [18]. Raman spectroscopy's success in GSR analysis has already been well documented [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Modelling of Raman Spectroscopic Data Demonstrates the Potential for Manufacturer and Caliber Differentiation of Smokeless Powders

et al. 2022

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Gunshot residue (GSR) is an important type of forensic trace evidence produced when a firearm is discharged. Currently, inorganic GSR particles are used for establishing the fact of shooting. The organic gunshot residue (OGSR) has been recently shown to have great potential for providing additional information vital for the crime scene investigation. Smokeless powder is the precursor to OGSR and one of its chemical components. In this study, Raman spectroscopy and chemometric modeling were used to analyze smokeless powder extracted from ammunition cartridge cases. The proposed hierarchical model demonstrated great potential for determining the manufacture and the bullet type based on the analysis of smokeless powder. Expanding the developed approach to the analysis of OGSR will be needed to make it a useful tool for law enforcement agencies.

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Advances and limitations in the determination and assessment of gunshot residue in the environment

Cited by 16 publications

References 76 publications

Elemental Characterization of Leaded and Lead-Free Inorganic Primer Gunshot Residue Standards Using Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Elemental Characterization of Leaded and Lead-Free Inorganic Primer Gunshot Residue Standards Using Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Towards More Relevance in Forensic Science Research and Development

Hierarchical Modelling of Raman Spectroscopic Data Demonstrates the Potential for Manufacturer and Caliber Differentiation of Smokeless Powders

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