Advances and Future Perspective on Detection Technology of Human Norovirus

Abstract

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a food-borne pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages worldwide. However, no approved vaccines and antiviral drugs are available at present. Therefore, the development of accurate and rapid detection technologies is important in controlling the outbreak of HuNoVs. This paper reviewed the research progress on HuNoV detection, including immunological methods, molecular detection and biosensor technology. Immunological methods and molecular detection technologies are still widely used for HuNoV detection. Furthermore, biosensors will become an emerging developmental direction for the rapid detection of HuNoVs because of their high sensitivity, low cost, easy operation and suitability for onsite detection.

Development of a rapid and accurate CRISPR/Cas13-based diagnostic test for GII.4 norovirus infection

“…Infection with this strain causes more severe symptoms than with other strains, which leads to higher rates of hospitalization and mortality, especially among children ( Desai et al, 2012 ; Cannon et al, 2021 ; Duan et al, 2021 ; Haddadin et al, 2021 ). Developing rapid and efficient methods for the detection of GII.4 norovirus is important to prevent its spread and allow early intervention to alleviate severe illness ( Liu and Moore, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2021 ). PCR testing for norovirus has been widely used in clinical diagnosis and is considered the gold standard for norovirus detection ( Vinje, 2015 ), but it is time-consuming and requires sophisticated equipment that hampers its further utilization.…”

Research Progress on Biological Accumulation, Detection and Inactivation Technologies of Norovirus in Oysters

“…The reverse transcription quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) technique is a widely used method for detecting NoVs in bivalves and is considered the gold standard [69,70]. It uses a fluorescent-labeled probe to confirm the presence of a specific target and has the advantages of speed, sensitivity, and specificity in the detection of NoVs [71].…”

Research progress on detection techniques for point-of-care testing of foodborne pathogens

“…This electrochemical aptasensor was able to quantitatively detect Salmonella ranging from 10 2 to 10 6 CFU/ml in 2 h, with a detection limit of 80 CFU/ml. Wang et al (2021b) developed a novel impedance immunosensor based on a metal-organic framework (Mn-MOF-74) to rapidly and sensitively detect LM in milk. The recoveries for L.m cells at concentration between 1.0 × 10 0 and 1.0 × 10 4 CFU/ml were 90.2%–101.7% in water and 88.5%–96.2% in milk.…”

“…Compared with ordinary PCR, the nucleic acid amplification of qPCR technology is completed in a closed system, and no electrophoresis analysis is required after the amplification, which not only reduces the chances for sample contamination, but also avoids false-positive results caused by contamination and also shortens the detection time (Obande and Singh, 2020;Kim et al, 2021b). However, the experimental cost of real-time quantitative PCR is high, and the equipment required is expensive, which also requires the operator to have a high level of professional technology (Nunez-Bajo et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2021a).…”