Advancements of 3D bioprinting in regenerative medicine: Exploring cell sources for organ fabrication

Focus on seed cells: stem cells in 3D bioprinting of corneal grafts

“…Seed cells play a crucial role in maintaining the biological functionality of 3D bioprinted products ( Ma et al, 2024 ). However, an ideal cell source that fully meets the requirements of 3D bioprinting has not yet been identified due to the specific application characteristics of different sources.…”

“…Primary cells have been widely used for their excellent functionality and safety in bioprinting applications ( Ma et al, 2024 ). However, the donor source, replicative senescence and in vitro culture cause special challenges ( Ma et al, 2024 ).…”

“…Primary cells have been widely used for their excellent functionality and safety in bioprinting applications ( Ma et al, 2024 ). However, the donor source, replicative senescence and in vitro culture cause special challenges ( Ma et al, 2024 ). In the process of 3D printing, primary cells are more susceptible to damage caused by the printing process ( Ma et al, 2024 ).…”

“…However, the donor source, replicative senescence and in vitro culture cause special challenges ( Ma et al, 2024 ). In the process of 3D printing, primary cells are more susceptible to damage caused by the printing process ( Ma et al, 2024 ). In addition, the clinical use of primary cells is limited by ethical considerations of resource allocation brought by the limited source.…”

“…Cell lines have a stable phenotype and function, a relatively mature culture protocol, and strong resistance to stress and environmental changes ( Clark et al, 2022 ; Ma et al, 2024 ). However, they have a worrisome capacity of expansion and genetic mutations, which increase the risk of tumor formation ( Wu et al, 2022 ).…”