Advancements in six-membered cyclic carbonate (1,3-dioxan-2-one) synthesis utilizing carbon dioxide as a C1 source

Abstract

This review article surveys literature methods for the synthesis of six-membered cyclic carbonates using various substrates in the presence of CO2 with special emphasis on the mechanistic aspects of the reactions.

The coupling of CO2 with diols promoted by organic dual systems: Towards products divergence via benchmarking of the performance metrics

“…[26,30,31] Although terminal epoxides are easily converted into 5-membered cyclic carbonates, the conversion of internal di-, triand tetra-substituted epoxides or (substituted) oxetanes into their corresponding five-and six-membered cycles still remained very challenging. [31] To broaden the scope and functionality of cyclic carbonates, other substrates such as propargylic alcohols [15,[32][33][34][35][36][37], 1,2 and 1,3-diols [38][39][40][41] were subjected to carbonation in order to afford α-alkylidene cyclic carbonates, five-and six-membered cyclic carbonates, respectively. Although the use of diols is a promising alternative, their reaction with CO2 is kinetically and thermodynamically limited due to the formation of water as a by-product.…”

Sustainable synthesis of cyclic carbonates from bio‐based polyether polyol: the structure characterization, rheological behaviour and thermal properties

“…Many different synthesis methods have been developed to obtain five‐membered cyclic carbonates, including tosylation of macrodiols, the reaction of dialcohols and dialkyl carbonates and the reaction of acids with glycerol carbonates . Chemical fixation of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into terminal epoxide compounds appears to be an attractive and environmentally friendly alternative due to the possibility of using harmless substrates without the formation of by‐products and achieving high yields of reaction …”

“…Most greenhouse gases, including CO 2 , are generated by the combustion of natural gas, coal and oil, which are extracted from deposits underground . CO 2 emitted into the atmosphere contributes to the deepening of climatic changes and global warming . By extension, CO 2 reduction has become one of the urgent problems in the world.…”

Organocatalytic Trapping of Elusive Carbon Dioxide Based Heterocycles by a Kinetically Controlled Cascade Process

“…In the area of organic carbonate synthesis, methods to generate six-membered heterocycles are scarce and often rely on stoichiometric approaches. [10] An exception is presented by the coupling reaction between oxetanes and CO 2 , although to date very few catalysts have been shown to be effective for these substrates, [11] and oxetanes are much less ubiquitous than epoxides. Therefore, new concepts are required to empower the potential of such novel, functionalized heterocyclic scaffolds and widen their prospective as synthetic intermediates [12] and polymerizable monomers.…”