Advancements in Evidence-Based Anesthesia of Exotic Animals

Balko, Julie A.; Chinnadurai, Sathya K.

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2017.04.014

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Concurrent and occult disease states can affect the safety of anaesthesia [2], but in wildlife species, pre-anaesthetic assessment might not always be possible in order to fully evaluate the health status [1,11]. Even though ringtailed lemurs can be manually restrained, allowing limited physical examination, for most procedures chemical immobilization is still required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though ringtailed lemurs can be manually restrained, allowing limited physical examination, for most procedures chemical immobilization is still required. However, there is very little data available [11] on the use of sedative drugs for lemurs [2,3]. Most literature available is predominantly derived from the authors' own experiences or extrapolated from other species [2,11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is very little data available [11] on the use of sedative drugs for lemurs [2,3]. Most literature available is predominantly derived from the authors' own experiences or extrapolated from other species [2,11]. Thus, drugs and doses provided in the literature might not be the most appropriate for lemurs, and there is a need for evidence-based data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depth of anaesthesia was monitored by checking palpebral reflex, eye position, jaw tone and response to painful stimuli. Physiologic parameters such as end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO 2 ) 8,9 haemoglobin saturation (SpO 2 ) 8,9 end-tidal anaesthetic agent concentration (EtSevo) 9 , heart rate (HR) 8,9 and rhythm 8,9 , respiratory rate (RR) 8,9 , and arterial blood pressure (either non-invasively using the oscillometric method 10 or invasively 9,11 ) were monitored continuously throughout the anaesthetic event and recorded every 5 min. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation 12 was initiated in one case due to hypoventilation.…”

Section: Description Of the Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combination of intramuscular alfaxalone, butorphanol, and midazolam as a novel immobilization protocol in 3 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Pentsou

Huuskonen

2020

Ir Vet J

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Background: There is very little data on the optimal anaesthetic management of ring-tailed lemurs, and the available information is mostly based on extrapolation from other species. In addition, a thorough pre-anaesthetic assessment of lemurs might not be possible without prior chemical immobilization, making a safe immobilization protocol essential. Case presentation: Three ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) were immobilized using a combination of intramuscular alfaxalone (5 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg), and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg), at the University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital. One lemur was anaesthetised once, two lemurs twice, amounting to five anaesthetic events. Conversion to general anaesthesia was warranted in all five occasions, and anaesthesia was maintained with either sevoflurane in oxygen or alfaxalone infusion. The immobilization protocol provided an adequate duration of deep sedation for diagnostic procedures and in some occasions allowed the intubation of the trachea. Analgesia was also provided for minor procedures. No major complications were noted with the protocol used. Conclusions: The combination of intramuscular alfaxalone, butorphanol and midazolam provided a clinically useful sedation/immobilization in ring-tailed lemurs with only minor complications such as mild hypothermia, hypotension, hypoventilation and bradycardia. This protocol could be considered in ring-tailed lemurs that need to be immobilized for minor procedures, or as a pre-anaesthetic premedication, especially if a full pre-anaesthetic clinical exam is not possible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Description Of the Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Combination of intramuscular alfaxalone, butorphanol, and midazolam as a novel immobilization protocol in 3 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Pentsou

Huuskonen

2020

Ir Vet J

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“…As with many findings in amphibian medicine, there are highly varied drug dosages that are often dependent upon species and route of administration. For example, alfaxalone has been evaluated in several different amphibian species and has yielded highly varied results (Balko and Chinnadurai, 2017; DiGeronimo and Balko, 2022). Intramuscular doses as low as 5 mg/kg and as high as 30 mg/kg for alfaxalone were reported for various amphibians; therefore caution is warranted when extrapolating drug doses based on similar, but taxonomically different, species because of high variability in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses (Balko and Chinnadurai, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intramuscular Alfaxalone Effective Dose (ED) Determination and Cardiopulmonary Effects of ED99 in Sonoran Desert Toads (Incilius alvarius)

Spitznagel

Sadar

Willis

et al. 2023

Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery

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There is limited knowledge on amphibian sedation, and drug doses appear to be species-specific and affected by the administration route. Alfaxalone, a neuroactive steroid, has gained popularity in veterinary medicine and has been evaluated in some amphibian species. Previous studies in amphibians have demonstrated a sedative dose range of 10-30 mg/kg IM. No peer-review publication has investigated this drug in Sonoran Desert toads specifically. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to 1) determine the effective dose 50 (ED50) of IM alfaxalone for sedation and 2) determine the cardiopulmonary effects of the effective dose 99 (ED99) in 13 Sonoran Desert toads. Using the Dixon’s Up-and-Down method, the ED50 was calculated as 9.02 mg/kg while using a non-linear regression, the calculated ED50 was 9.65 mg/kg, and the ED99 was 9.91 mg/kg. Based on these results, 10 mg/kg IM was administered, and its cardiovascular effects were determined for 120 mins post-injection. The 10 mg/kg IM dose resulted in significant transient cardiorespiratory depression in all toads, with most toads (11/13) showing signs of sedation (recumbency and/or loss of righting reflex) within 30–40-minutes post-injection. There was no associated mortality with this study, and the side effects associated with this dosage (cardiorespiratory depression, ventral erythema, dysphoric behavior such as rolling and head pressing) resolved in all toads prior to the end of the 120-minute observation window. This study hopes to increase the understanding of the clinical application and limitations of this drug for sedation of Sonoran Desert toads.

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Anesthesia and analgesia in the exotic patient

Shelby¹,

McKune²

2022

Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques

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Advancements in Evidence-Based Anesthesia of Exotic Animals

Cited by 15 publications

References 46 publications

Combination of intramuscular alfaxalone, butorphanol, and midazolam as a novel immobilization protocol in 3 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Combination of intramuscular alfaxalone, butorphanol, and midazolam as a novel immobilization protocol in 3 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Intramuscular Alfaxalone Effective Dose (ED) Determination and Cardiopulmonary Effects of ED99 in Sonoran Desert Toads (Incilius alvarius)

Anesthesia and analgesia in the exotic patient

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