Advancements in Assessments of Bio-Tissue Engineering and Viable Cell Delivery Matrices Using Bile Acid-Based Pharmacological Biotechnologies

Abstract

The utilisation of bioartificial organs is of significant interest to many due to their versatility in treating a wide range of disorders. Microencapsulation has a potentially significant role in such organs. In order to utilise microcapsules, accurate characterisation and analysis is required to assess their properties and suitability. Bioartificial organs or transplantable microdevices must also account for immunogenic considerations, which will be discussed in detail. One of the most characterized cases is the investigation into a bioartificial pancreas, including using microencapsulation of islets or other cells, and will be the focus subject of this review. Overall, this review will discuss the traditional and modern technologies which are necessary for the characterisation of properties for transplantable microdevices or organs, summarizing analysis of the microcapsule itself, cells and finally a working organ. Furthermore, immunogenic considerations of such organs are another important aspect which is addressed within this review. The various techniques, methodologies, advantages, and disadvantages will all be discussed. Hence, the purpose of this review is providing an updated examination of all processes for the analysis of a working, biocompatible artificial organ.

Chenodeoxycholic Acid Pharmacology in Biotechnology and Transplantable Pharmaceutical Applications for Tissue Delivery: An Acute Preclinical Study

“…Two main sets of measurements were carried out. The first set on the topographic and physical and pharmaceutical features of the CDCA-microcapsules and the other set for the biological and pharmacological effects of the transplanted CDCA-microcapsules containing viable islets [ 67 ] ( Figure 1 ).…”

Pharmacological Dose-Effect Profiles of Various Concentrations of Humanised Primary Bile Acid in Encapsulated Cells

“…Microcapsule CDCA distribution was assessed via the conjugation of CDCA with the fluorescent compound tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC). In a controlled environment, the stained cells and CDCA were viewed and assessed with an UltraVIEW Vox spinning disc microscope (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) which was fitted with a Yokogawa CSU-X1 confocal scanning unit (Perkin Elmer Waltham, MA, USA) as per our laboratory's established methods [33,34].…”

“…Assays including glucose-induced cellular insulin release studies with an ultrasensitive mouse insulin ELISA kit (Mercodia Cooperation, Uppsala, Sweden) and MTT studies were used to assess glucose-induced viability. MTT reagent, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO, USA) was utilised in a validated method, previously established by the laboratory, allowing accurate assessment of cell viability in microcapsules without having to rupture the capsules [33,34]. Measurements of antioxidant activity were taken using a plate reader (Enspire, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) for fluorescence, with increased fluorescent readings indicating increased oxidative stress, and therefore, decreased antioxidant activity.…”

Biguanide Pharmaceutical Formulations and the Applications of Bile Acid-Based Nano Delivery in Chronic Medical Conditions

“…They may be synthetic, semi-synthetic, or natural, with sodium alginate (SA), a natural polymer, and several synthetic polymers being some of the most commonly used. These materials are imperative to the pharmacokinetics of the resultant drug delivery system, whilst themselves not producing therapeutic actions [ 57 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ]. SA is one of the most common natural polymers used in encapsulation and has been utilised in both nano- and microencapsulation.…”