Advancements, challenges, and applications of rechargeable zinc‐ion batteries: A comprehensive review

Abstract

IntroductionThis review assesses the current challenges in energy supply, underscores the limitations of LIBs, and presents rechargeable ZIBs as a promising alternative, providing a comprehensive overview of recent developments and potential applications in the context of sustainable energy solutions.Working principle of ZINC‐ION BatteryThis section outlines the operational similarities and distinct parameter differences between rechargeable ZIBs and LIBs, emphasizing challenges posed by zinc ions' size and optimization strategies, show casing ZIBs as a compelling alternative with enhanced electrochemical performance and consideration for material availability, safety, and environmental factors.MaterialsRecent studies have intricately examined and optimized the components of ZIBs, including the anode, cathode, electrolyte, and separator, utilizing novel materials and strategies to enhance electrochemical performance and address challenges, marking significant progress in advancing ZIB technology.Performance metrics of ZIBSMonitoring and optimizing parameters such as energy density, power density, and safety considerations in ZIB is essential for their competitive viability against LIBs, with ongoing research addressing performance gaps and highlighting ZIB's inherent safety advantages.Recent advancements in Rechargeable ZIBSThe current global focus on ZIB research centers on material enhancements, incorporating strategies such as pillar engineering, conductive material hybridization, and cationic/anionic doping to optimize cathode materials, Zn anode, and electrolyte components, reflecting a growing yet evolving technology with ongoing efforts to refine material assembly for future applications.Challenges of ZIB TechnologyCritical challenges in developing ZIBs as a viable alternative to LIBs include addressing issues with cathode stability, electronic conductivity, dendrite growth in the Zinc anode, and optimization difficulties in electrolytes and separators, necessitating ongoing research efforts for the commercial success and broader application of ZIB technology in the battery market.Applications of ZIBsRechargeable batteries like ZIBs demonstrate imminent potential as alternatives to address the energy crisis, finding applications in stationary energy storage and digital/electronic devices, offering safety, cost advantages, and a promising solution to alleviate the strain on global demand LIBs.Environmental impact and SustainabilityZIBs present an environmentally superior and sustainable alternative to LIBs, as evidenced by life cycle assessment studies showcasing lower environmental impacts, enhanced recyclability, and the absence of harmful heavy metals.Future prospect, Outlook, and ConclusionThe promising future of ZIBs is characterized by their safety, abundant zinc resources, and potential dominance in diverse applications, with ongoing research addressing challenges for commercialization and integration into the energy landscape.