“…1. Recently, chemical hydrolysis, namely acidolysis is a widely implemented approach for hydrolyzing the polysaccharides from the biomass into fermentable sugars [28,29]. Acidolysis of green macroalgae Ulva rigida using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as solvent with a 10:1 of liquid-tosolid (L/S) ratio at condition of 121 o C for 1 h was conducted successfully by El Harchi et al [30].…”
Section: Saccharification Of Macroalgal Carrageenanmentioning
The environmental awareness and concerns (plastic pollution) worldwide have driven the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biopolymer derived from renewable materials. Biopolymers, especially L-lactic acid (L-LA) have played a crucial role in manufacturing polylactic acid, a biodegradable thermoplastic. Recently, L-LA production from non-edible macroalgal biomass has gained immense attraction due to it offers the simplest saccharification process for the biorefinery route. However, the commercialization of macroalgal-based L-LA is still limited due to high production costs. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the potential and development of third-generation feedstock for L-LA production, including significant technological barriers to be overcome for potential commercialization purposes. Then, an insight into the state-of-the-art hydrolysis and fermentation technologies using macroalgae as feedstock are also deliberated in detail. Furthermore, this review provides a conceivable picture of macroalgae-based L-LA biorefinery and future research directions that can be served as an important guideline for scientists, policymakers, and industrial players.
“…1. Recently, chemical hydrolysis, namely acidolysis is a widely implemented approach for hydrolyzing the polysaccharides from the biomass into fermentable sugars [28,29]. Acidolysis of green macroalgae Ulva rigida using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as solvent with a 10:1 of liquid-tosolid (L/S) ratio at condition of 121 o C for 1 h was conducted successfully by El Harchi et al [30].…”
Section: Saccharification Of Macroalgal Carrageenanmentioning
The environmental awareness and concerns (plastic pollution) worldwide have driven the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biopolymer derived from renewable materials. Biopolymers, especially L-lactic acid (L-LA) have played a crucial role in manufacturing polylactic acid, a biodegradable thermoplastic. Recently, L-LA production from non-edible macroalgal biomass has gained immense attraction due to it offers the simplest saccharification process for the biorefinery route. However, the commercialization of macroalgal-based L-LA is still limited due to high production costs. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the potential and development of third-generation feedstock for L-LA production, including significant technological barriers to be overcome for potential commercialization purposes. Then, an insight into the state-of-the-art hydrolysis and fermentation technologies using macroalgae as feedstock are also deliberated in detail. Furthermore, this review provides a conceivable picture of macroalgae-based L-LA biorefinery and future research directions that can be served as an important guideline for scientists, policymakers, and industrial players.
“…From the perspective of bioelectricity generation and L-LA fermentation, the significant disparity between the three macroalgae species relies upon their inherent sugar composition, and the conversion yield will be evaluated by the fermentation performance of the endowing lactic acid bacteria on the derived rare sugars. Figure 2 depicts the major macroalgae-derived rare sugars via hydrolysis, revealing that rare sugars in the form of D-glucose can be found in all macroalgae taxonomical groups representing the appearance of cellulose compounds in the macroalgal cell wall [ 11 ]. Red macroalgae, with Gracilaria sp.…”
Section: Marine Macroalgae: the Future Of Sustainable Bioenergy And B...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, macroalgae are considered sustainable sources of rare sugars for biorefinery purposes. It also addresses the sustainability concerns related to food security and arable land suffered by the edible crops and LCBs, as macroalgae are abundant in supply and generally grow in marine habitats [ 11 ]. Figure 2.…”
Section: Marine Macroalgae: the Future Of Sustainable Bioenergy And B...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They revealed that the minimum viable selling price is reduced by 34% compared with the current selling price (USD 3.83/kg), demonstrating an economic feasibility and sustainability biorefinery approach [ 9 ]. To this extent, the macroalgae biomasses tally with the circular biorefinery concept compared to lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), a cornerstone of the biorefinery to date due to non-competitiveness with food supply and fast growth rate [ 10 , 11 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition to tremendous efforts to reverse global climate change, a valuable novel building block for poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) bioplastic, notable L-LA, can also produce from macroalgal biomass via the biotechnological approach by using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to valorize carbohydrate contents [ 11 ]. PLLA is a biodegradable thermoplastic with properties similar to petrolic plastics (polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyamide) and offers added advantages due to generating a lesser carbon footprint on the environment with a feasible end-of-life strategy [ 16 ].…”
The imminent need for transition to a circular biorefinery using microbial fuel cells (MFC), based on the valorization of renewable resources, will ameliorate the carbon footprint induced by industrialization. MFC catalyzed by bioelectrochemical process drew significant attention initially for its exceptional potential for integrated production of biochemicals and bioenergy. Nonetheless, the associated costly bioproduct production and slow microbial kinetics have constrained its commercialization. This review encompasses the potential and development of macroalgal biomass as a substrate in the MFC system for L-lactic acid (L-LA) and bioelectricity generation. Besides, an insight into the state-of-the-art technological advancement in the MFC system is also deliberated in detail. Investigations in recent years have shown that MFC developed with different anolyte enhances power density from several µW/m
2
up to 8160 mW/m
2
. Further, this review provides a plausible picture of macroalgal-based L-LA and bioelectricity circular biorefinery in the MFC system for future research directions.
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