“…The most commonly used photothermal agents include gold, carbon, and magnetic nanoparticles, graphene, NIR dyes, or some polymer nanoparticles (i.e., polyaniline, polypyrrole). , Despite the extraordinary photothermal effects, the long-term safety issue of these synthetic materials remains as a major concern. For instance, metallic nanoparticles might cause metal-related cytotoxicity in biological systems, and carbon-based nanomaterials can induce oxidative stress and lung inflammation after administration. , Furthermore, preparations of these materials require tedious synthetic processes, which are time- and energy-consuming. ,− Therefore, it is required to find an alternative material with efficient photothermal conversion efficiency, good price, and easy availability, as well as human-benign nature.…”