Advanced Thermosets from Sulfur and Renewable Benzoxazine and Ionones via Inverse Vulcanization

Abstract

An unprecedented synthesis of terpolymers from bioderived monomers and elemental sulfur in one-pot is described. In this approach, biosourced compounds, namely, vanilin and furfurylamine-based benzoxazine and ionones (and carvone), and a waste product of petroleum industry, sulfur, were reacted in one pot to produce an advanced thermoset. The inverse vulcanization of these compounds was monitored, and the properties of the obtained terpolymers were characterized via spectral and thermal characterization methods. Moreover, a potential use of the polymers as a Li−S battery cathode was demonstrated, and over 400 mAh/g capacity more than 100 of cycles were observed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies were used to gain more insight into the lithium storage mechanism before and after cycling.

Synthesis of Novel Benzoxazines Containing Sulfur and Their Application in Rubber Compounds

“…Nevertheless, the higher the amount of sulfur, the lower the polymerization temperature for all benzoxazines precursors. These results are in agreement with previously reported work [34,35]. mers 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of peak.…”

Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers

“…It was proposed that in situ generated polysulfane diradicals react with oxazine ring and double bonds to form poly(C-a-ran-S). The copolymers with sulfur demonstrated their utility as cathodic material in Li-S and Na-S battery [19,21,24,287]. Arza et al [286] demonstrated an effect of amine basicity in Bz monomer during coreaction with S 8 at 120 • C. They found conversion of monomer to Schiff base in the presence of S 8 is lower for amines containing electron-withdrawing groups (nitro, trifluoromethyl) than electron-donating groups (methoxy) as shown in Figure 43.…”

“…It was proposed that in situ generated polysulfane diradicals react with oxazine ring and double bonds to form poly(C-a- ran -S). The copolymers with sulfur demonstrated their utility as cathodic material in Li-S and Na-S battery [ 19 , 21 , 24 , 287 ].…”

A cardanol-based polybenzoxazine vitrimer: recycling, reshaping and reversible adhesion

“…6 In addition, the versatility of their chemical design is a great platform for the use of renewable feedstock. 14,15 Cardanol, [16][17][18] vanillin, 19,20 and many other bio-phenols 21,22 have been used with success to create bio-based polybenzoxazines. However, like other thermosets, polybenzoxazines lack both recyclability and (re) processability.…”