Advanced technology using supercritical fluid for particle production in pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing

Ha, Eun‐Sol; Kang, Hui-Taek; Park, Heejun; Kim, Sebin; Kim, Min‐Soo

doi:10.1007/s40005-022-00601-y

Cited by 8 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 140 publications

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“…Due to tumor selectivity of anticancer agents through the EPR effect, several nanomedicines using the mechanism of the EPR effect have been reported and have been in clinical trials or commercialized [ 35 , 36 , 37 ] ( Table 1 ). For example, Doxil is the first FDA-approved nano-drug, developed using liposomal encapsulation of doxorubicin hydrochloride, resulting in prolonged drug circulation time and high and stable remote loading of doxorubicin [ 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives for Improving the Tumor Targeting of Nanomedicine via the EPR Effect in Clinical Tumors

Kim

Cho

Yoon

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Over the past few decades, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of nanomedicine has been a crucial phenomenon in targeted cancer therapy. Specifically, understanding the EPR effect has been a significant aspect of delivering anticancer agents efficiently to targeted tumors. Although the therapeutic effect has been demonstrated in experimental models using mouse xenografts, the clinical translation of the EPR effect of nanomedicine faces several challenges due to dense extracellular matrix (ECM), high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) levels, and other factors that arise from tumor heterogeneity and complexity. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of the EPR effect of nanomedicine in clinics is essential to overcome the hurdles of the clinical translation of nanomedicine. This paper introduces the basic mechanism of the EPR effect of nanomedicine, the recently discussed challenges of the EPR effect of nanomedicine, and various strategies of recent nanomedicine to overcome the limitations expected from the patients’ tumor microenvironments.

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