Advanced Strategies for Improving Lithium Storage Performance under Cryogenic Conditions

Abstract

storage technology, have pervaded practically all portable devices and electric vehicles in the 21st century, and it has been given considerable attention for increased roles in aerospace. [6] However, conventional LIBs have been reported to lose ≈88% of their room-temperature capacity (RTC) at −40 °C. [7] For instance, Panasonic 18650 batteries were tested in 2001 and found to have power and energy density of ≈800 W L −1 and ≈100 Wh L −1 at 25 °C, but only retained ≈1.25% and ≈5% at −40 °C. [8] Numerous approaches have been put forth in recent years to deal with this problem, including thermal management, electrode material optimization as well as electrolyte engineering (Figure 1). Pre-

Optimizing Intermediate Adsorption over PdM (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) Bimetallene for Boosted Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia

“…Figure 4b shows the captured m/z signals of 46, 30, 14, 15, 16 and 17, which belongs to NO 2 , NO, N, NH, NH 2 and NH 3 respectively. [43] At the same time, almost no m/z signals of NH 2 OH could be collected (Figure S39). According to the signals of these key intermediates, as well as previous reports of Pd-based catalysts, [21,23,44] the NO 3 RR pathway is deduced to follow the "*N pathway":…”

Crystal Phase Engineering of Ultrathin Alloy Nanostructures for Highly Efficient Electroreduction of Nitrate to Ammonia

“…[24][25][26] However, in contrast to the strong affinity of active hydrogen on the surface of Ru electrocatalysts, the weak affinity of NO 3 − originating from its symmetrical (D 3h ) resonant structure greatly restricts the efficient conversion of NO 3 − to NO 2 − , which is commonly deemed as the rate-determining step (RDS), [27,28] leading to unsatisfactory NH 3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) and yield rate. Although many strategies, like morphology design, [29,30] strain engineering, [25] and alloy construction, [24,31] have been developed to improve the catalytic performance toward NO 3 RR, it is still inefficient to convert NO 3 − to NH 3 . In addition, almost all of the previously reported Ru-based catalysts adopt the conventional crystal phase, that is, hexagonal close-packed (hcp), which could greatly limit the further enhancement of NO 3 RR performance.…”

Matched Kinetics Process Over Fe2O3‐Co/NiO Heterostructure Enables Highly Efficient Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia

“…[7] In biological NO 3 À RR, this conversion involves a tandem reaction performed by a relay of distinct N-reductases, where NO 3 À is first reduced to NO 2 À by nitrite reductases and then converted to NH 3 /N 2 by Fe-or Cu-based nitrite reductases. [8] Based on enzymatic pathways, many researchers have constructed heterogeneous metal sites, such as atomically dispersed bimetallic catalysts, [9] alloys, [10] and metal oxides, [11] as active centers to achieve high NH 3 yields, where each metal site is tailored to selectively respond to a segment of the targeted reaction. [12] For instance, a CuÀ Co binary metal sulfide catalyst shows a high NH 3 yield (1.17 mmol • h À 1 • cm À 2 ) with an FE of 93.3 %, where Cu sites efficiently reduce NO 3 À to NO 2 À and NO 2 À is selectively reduced to NH 3 over Co sites.…”