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Introduction Ward-based clinical pharmacy practice is now common in Ghana. The practice includes well-documented and published pharmacists’ interventions (PIs) to provide evidence of the clinical activities of pharmacists in general. In an era of limited resources, pharmacists must demonstrate the additional value of clinical pharmacy services and PIs to improve the quality and value of health care outcomes. To determine the economic impact of PIs, various methods, tools, and instruments are utilized. However, most of these instruments are created and utilized in the developed world, with a sophisticated system of approach that is impractical in the developing world. Therefore the Objective-Pharmacists Algorithm Model (O-PALM) could be an easy tool to utilize in resource-constrained settings to measure the economic impact of PIs. Aim To validate and test the feasibility of the O-PALM tool for evaluating economic impact of PIs in hospital settings Method A novel O-PALM mono-dimensional tool was validated and tested by a review of current tools of evaluation models of PIs. A panel of pharmacy specialists indicate varying degrees of agreement with the tool's content. Their ratings were used to evaluate the tool's inter-rater reliability and validity. Results The O-PALM tool was utilized by 30 raters and they evaluated 68 PIs. In terms of tool’s content agreement or satisfaction, a significant majority of 22 (73%) of raters agreed to recommend the O-PALM tool to their friends and colleagues, 22 (73%) of raters, agreed that both educational and interventional, 23 (77%) of the raters, agreed that O-PALM tool was suitable for evaluating PIs. The raters' ratings ranged from good to excellent, with 9 (30%) rated as good, 10 (33.4%) as very good, and 4 (13.4%) rated the O-PALM tool as excellent.The overall inter-rater reliability was a slight agreement for the O-PALM tool amongst the various categories of pharmacists (agreement 76.6%; k=0.02) Conclusion The O-PALM tool is a mono-dimensional tool that provides a real economic impact of PIs that has been validated and tested. It is reliable, reproducible, and easy to utilize in ordinary clinical pharmacy practice in resource-constrained hospital settings to evaluate the economic impact of PIs.
Introduction Ward-based clinical pharmacy practice is now common in Ghana. The practice includes well-documented and published pharmacists’ interventions (PIs) to provide evidence of the clinical activities of pharmacists in general. In an era of limited resources, pharmacists must demonstrate the additional value of clinical pharmacy services and PIs to improve the quality and value of health care outcomes. To determine the economic impact of PIs, various methods, tools, and instruments are utilized. However, most of these instruments are created and utilized in the developed world, with a sophisticated system of approach that is impractical in the developing world. Therefore the Objective-Pharmacists Algorithm Model (O-PALM) could be an easy tool to utilize in resource-constrained settings to measure the economic impact of PIs. Aim To validate and test the feasibility of the O-PALM tool for evaluating economic impact of PIs in hospital settings Method A novel O-PALM mono-dimensional tool was validated and tested by a review of current tools of evaluation models of PIs. A panel of pharmacy specialists indicate varying degrees of agreement with the tool's content. Their ratings were used to evaluate the tool's inter-rater reliability and validity. Results The O-PALM tool was utilized by 30 raters and they evaluated 68 PIs. In terms of tool’s content agreement or satisfaction, a significant majority of 22 (73%) of raters agreed to recommend the O-PALM tool to their friends and colleagues, 22 (73%) of raters, agreed that both educational and interventional, 23 (77%) of the raters, agreed that O-PALM tool was suitable for evaluating PIs. The raters' ratings ranged from good to excellent, with 9 (30%) rated as good, 10 (33.4%) as very good, and 4 (13.4%) rated the O-PALM tool as excellent.The overall inter-rater reliability was a slight agreement for the O-PALM tool amongst the various categories of pharmacists (agreement 76.6%; k=0.02) Conclusion The O-PALM tool is a mono-dimensional tool that provides a real economic impact of PIs that has been validated and tested. It is reliable, reproducible, and easy to utilize in ordinary clinical pharmacy practice in resource-constrained hospital settings to evaluate the economic impact of PIs.
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