Advanced performance of S and N co-doped Sb@CNFs with a 3D conductive network as superior lithium-ion battery anodes

Antimony Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Self-Supported Organic Carbon with a Polymer Network for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries Anode

“…In particular, the two peaks centered at 539.23 eV (Sb 3d 3/2 ) and 529.85 eV (Sb 3d 5/2 ) represent Sb 2 O 3 . Meanwhile, the peak appearing at 528.7 eV (Sb 3d 5/2 ) represents metallic Sb ( Figure 3 e) [ 23 , 28 , 33 , 55 ]. Hence, this result confirms the partial oxidation of Sb by oxygen.…”

“…However, the machinery unsteadiness associated with the lithium alloy reaction cannot be entirely resolved only by reducing the particle dimension. The carbon matrix may undertake a rampart to adapt the polymerization and pulverization of active granules while enhancing the conductivity, which is deemed as a member of the prospective means to ameliorate the electrochemical property [ 14 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Noteworthily, since antimony is a heat-shrinking, cold-expanding metal, intermetallic systems (Sb-based alloys) can possess a powerful structural relationship with Li-ion, which leads to minor volume effects during the charge/discharge process [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ].…”