Advanced nanomaterial for prostate cancer theranostics

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PC) has the second highest incidence in men, according to global statistical data. The symptoms of PC in the early stage are not obvious, causing late diagnosis in most patients, which is the cause for missing the optimal treatment time. Thus, highly sensitive and precise early diagnosis methods are very important. Additionally, precise therapy regimens for good targeting and innocuous to the body are indispensable to treat cancer. This review first introduced two diagnosis methods, containing prostate-specific biomarkers detection and molecular imaging. Then, it recommended advanced therapy approaches, such as chemotherapy, gene therapy, and therapeutic nanomaterial. Afterward, we summarized the development of nanomaterial in PC, highlighting the importance of integration of diagnosis and therapy as the future direction against cancer.

Nanoparticle-Based Radioconjugates for Targeted Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer

“…Theranostic NPs are multifunctional nanosystems for specific and targeted disease management due to incorporating desirable diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic capabilities into one single nanoparticle. The combination of multiple functionalities enables a variety of integrated imaging and treatment protocols and allows for the reduction in adverse effects on normal tissue [ 88 , 89 ]. Although significant progress has been made during the last decade in developing theranostic NPs for cancer imaging and therapy, they are still in a very early translational stage [ 89 ].…”

“…The combination of multiple functionalities enables a variety of integrated imaging and treatment protocols and allows for the reduction in adverse effects on normal tissue [ 88 , 89 ]. Although significant progress has been made during the last decade in developing theranostic NPs for cancer imaging and therapy, they are still in a very early translational stage [ 89 ]. To date, only five examples of NP-based radioconjugates for theranostic applications in PCa have been reported.…”

“…Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals require radionuclides that emit positrons (β+) or gamma (γ) rays. Positron-emitting radionuclides (e. g. 64 Cu, 68 Ga, 67 Ga, 18 F, 89 Zr, 124 I, etc.) are useful for PET.…”

“…Radioconjugates for Targeted PET, PET/MR, and PET/NIRF Imaging of PCa NP-based radioconjugates for PET and PET/MR imaging of PCa have been focused on five positron-emitting radionuclides: 64 Cu, 68 Ga, 18 F, 124 I, and 89 Zr. Among them, 64 Cu was the most frequently used for radiolabelling of NPs due to its attractive nuclear properties [85][86][87].…”

“…In 2022, Meher et al [40] designed and synthesized three 4-armed starPEG40kDa nanocarriers, functionalized with zero, one, or three molecules of urea-bearing PSMAtargeted (ACUPA) ligands and radiolabelled with 89 Zr via desferrioxamine B (DFO-B) chelator (Figure 8). In vitro cellular uptake and internalization of [ 89 In vitro studies proved high specificity, efficient cellular uptake, and biocompatibility of radioconjugate 124 I-PPMN in LNCaP and 22RV1 prostate cancer cells.…”