Advanced G-MPS-PMMA Bone Cements: Influence of Graphene Silanisation on Fatigue Performance, Thermal Properties and Biocompatibility

Abstract

The incorporation of well-dispersed graphene (G) powder to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement has been demonstrated as a promising solution to improving its mechanical performance. However, two crucial aspects limit the effectiveness of G as a reinforcing agent: (1) the poor dispersion and (2) the lack of strong interfacial bonds between G and the matrix of the bone cement. This work reports a successful functionalisation route to promote the homogenous dispersion of G via silanisation using 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane (MPS). Furthermore, the effects of the silanisation on the mechanical, thermal and biocompatibility properties of bone cements are presented. In comparison with unsilanised G, the incorporation of silanised G (G_MPS1 and G_MPS2) increased the bending strength by 17%, bending modulus by 15% and deflection at failure by 17%. The most impressive results were obtained for the mechanical properties under fatigue loading, where the incorporation of G_MPS doubled the Fatigue Performance Index (I) value of unsilanised G-bone cement—meaning a 900% increase over the I value of the cement without G. Additionally, to ensure that the silanisation did not have a negative influence on other fundamental properties of bone cement, it was demonstrated that the thermal properties and biocompatibility were not negatively impacted—allowing its potential clinical progression.

Microchannel-embedded implantable device with fibrosis suppression for prolonged controlled drug delivery

“…the dual_DDC without drug loading) was tested with the L929 fibroblasts, there was no cytotoxicity, indicating that almost no toxic compounds leaked from the body of the Dual_DDC ( Figure 5 ). This result was expected, as in this work, the DDC comprised only biocompatible materials (Gautam et al., 2012 ; Paz et al., 2021 ).…”