Advanced extracellular vesicle bioinformatic nanomaterials: from enrichment, decoding to clinical diagnostics

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane nanoarchitectures generated by cells that carry a variety of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolites. These characteristics make them attractive as circulating bioinformatic nanocabinets for liquid biopsy. Recent advances on EV biology and biogenesis demonstrate that EVs serve as highly important cellular surrogates involved in a wide range of diseases, opening up new frontiers for modern diagnostics. However, inefficient methods for EV enrichment, as well as low sensitivity of EV bioinformatic decoding technologies, hinder the use of EV nanocabinet for clinical diagnosis. To overcome these challenges, new EV nanotechnology is being actively developed to promote the clinical translation of EV diagnostics. This article aims to present the emerging enrichment strategies and bioinformatic decoding platforms for EV analysis, and their applications as bioinformatic nanomaterials in clinical settings.

The extracellular vesicles in HIV infection and progression: mechanisms, and theranostic implications

“…The exploration of EVs in HIV research presents a blend of challenges and opportunities, from technical and administrative hurdles to promising future directions and their potential in overcoming HIV drug resistance and side effects. One of the primary technical challenges is the isolation and characterization of EVs ( Li et al, 2022 ; Wu et al, 2023 ; Zhang et al, 2023 ). Due to their small size and heterogeneity, separating EVs from other extracellular vesicles and cellular debris requires sophisticated and often expensive techniques.…”